600 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
Miocene). Of this we Zvow nothing, but it has been suggested that a 
land-connection with Australia would account for the marsupials, that 
a similar junction with Africa would give monkeys, hystricomorphous 
rodents and the selenodonts, and, lastly, that an early connection with 
North America would give the Vngu/ata from primitive allies in the Eocene 
there. But these are all surmises and none of the evidence pro or con 
can be here given. Of this we may be fairly certain that Neogoea has 
a remarkably primitive “indigenous” fauna of primitive Eutherian 
animals belonging to the Edentata, Rodentia, early Ungulata and low 
Anthropoid types, the greater number of which have perished, that 
these have been enabled to survive and to reach a climax of adaptation 
owing to an isolation of the realm up to nearly the commencement of 
the pliocene epoch, and that subsequent connection led to an introduc- 
tion of a northern fauna of higher Eutherian types. 
We may say that the peculiar isolation of Notogcea and of Neogcea. 
have furnished us with an example of the evolutionary possibilities of 
the Metatherta and of the Edentata respectively, taken in the former 
case from the prevalent fauna of the early dawn of the Tertiary epoch 
and in the latter of some slightly later date. 
Extant Mammalia of Neogeea. 
SUB-CLASS. ORDER. FAMILIES, 
Metatheria. Diprotodontia. 1 (Opossum-rats). 
Polyprotodontia. 1 (Opossums). 
Eutheria. Edentata. 3 (Sloths, anteaters, armadillos). 
Rodentia. 9 (Squirrels, beavers, cavies, por- 
cupines). . 
Carnivora. 5 (Jaguars, pumas, coatis 
raccoons). 
Ungulata. 4 (Peccaries). 
Insectivora. 1 (Selenodonis). 
Chiroptera. 3 (Vampire-bats), 
Anthropoidea. 2 (Marmosets, Spider-Monkeys). 
3. ARcroceéa.—This third zoological realm comprises a 
vast extent of land, including nearly all North America, 
Europe, Asia and Africa. It has very distinctive faunistic 
characters, separating it from the other two realms. Taking 
the present-day fauna first, we find that there are no Proto- 
theria, and only one family of M@etatheria (Opossums). On 
the other hand, the Lu¢heria are abundant and of great 
diversity. It has a monopoly of the sub-order Momarthra 
(Aard-varks and Pangolins) ; of Rodentia it has the families 
of Beavers (Castorida), the Jerboas (Dipodide) and the Picas 
(Lagomyide) to itself, and abundant representatives of other 
families, suchas /uride, the hystricomorphous Neogcean types 
being the most conspicuous absentees. Of Carnivora the 
hyzenas and civets and earth-pig (Proteide) are confined to 
