604 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
civets, mongooses, the aard-wolf, hyenas, jackals, foxes, and 
ratels. Of Jusectivora there are the jumping-shrews, golden 
moles, a few hedge-hogs and shrews, the river-shrews. Of 
the Primates there are one family of lemurs, the gorillas 
and chimpanzee, and a great number of smaller monkeys 
of the family Cercopithecide, and including the baboons. 
Of this great and heterogeneous assemblage there is a 
large number peculiar to the region. No order is of this 
category, but there are the following families :—The aard- 
varks, the dasses (partly in Syria), the Anomalurida, giraffes, 
hippopotamuses, aard-wolf (Prote/ide). golden moles and 
jumping-shrews ; and of lesser groups, the zebras and pre- 
dominance of the antelopes. Again, we may note the 
absence of the bears, tapirs, camels and deer and poor 
representation of the A/us/elide@ ; and of lesser groups, sheep 
and goats and wolves. 
The palzontological history of Africa during the Tertiary period has 
yet to be worked out, but the evidence of the faunistic characters of 
Madagascar on the one hand and of the Oriental and Holarctic regions 
on the other, lead us to suppose that there is a remarkable parallelism in 
the history of Ethiopia to that of Neogcea. As in the latter case, we can 
recognise an indigenous fauna of Africa flourishing during the Eocene 
_.and Oligocene periods, of which we havea kind of sample in Madagascar 
at the present day. Certainly, lemurs, civets and primitive types of 
Jusectivora abounded. During the Miocene, or possibly later, Mada- 
gascar became separated from the mainland and subsequently there com- 
menced a great immigration from the Oriental and partly the Holarctic 
regions, probably by the north-east district, of the rhinoceroses, hippo- 
potamuses, giraffes, water -chevrotains, large ‘‘ cats,” hyenas and 
monkeys. The evidence for this is based partly upon the great present- 
day resemblance between the mammals of the Ethiopian and Oriental 
region and also upon the fossil remains of these types found in Greece, 
Persia and India, dating from Miocene. Thus here again we may 
trace the irruption of a more primitive fauna during early Oligocene into 
Africa from the north and later, probably during early Pliocene, a 
second immigration southwards of more modern types. It is usually 
assumed that, during the interregnum between these two migrations, 
Ethiopia was isolated by sea from the north, but this assumption 
scarcely appears to be absolutely necessary though quite probable. 
3. OrtENTAL REGION.—The Oriental region comprises 
India, Further India, Southern China and Malay, up to the 
line of east of Celebes. As a whole, this region most 
resembles the Ethiopian, mainly owing to the late migration 
of Oriental types at a comparatively late date into the latter. 
