OF MAMMALIA. 605 
The principal mammalian fauna is as follows :—The pan- 
golins represent the Zden¢ata, the aard-varks being absent 
at the present day. The Ungu/ata are rich in numbers and 
types, and elephants, tapirs, rhinoceroses, pigs, chevrotains, 
deer, antelopes and buffaloes are amongst the most impor- 
tant. The absentees are the sub-order of AHyracoidea and 
the families of Camelde, Giraffide and Hippopotamide. 
Of Rodents, the squirrel-family and rat-family are abundant, 
besides a few hystricomorphous types. There are great 
numbers of the cat-family, the tiger, lion, leopards and 
tiger-cats being representative. The civet-family is as 
abundant as in Africa. The striped hyena, wolves, jackals, 
black bears, sloth-bears, the panda (Procyonide), and ratels 
complete the commoner carnivores. Of Jmsectivora, the 
flying lemur (Gadeopithecus) is confined to Malay.  Tree- 
shrews, hedgehogs and musk-shrews are found within the 
region, though we may note the absence of moles and 
shrews. Two families of the lemurs are represented, the 
peculiar Zarsius being confined to Malay. The same two 
families of monkeys are found as in Ethiopia. The Szmiide 
are represented by the orang of Borneo and the gibbons 
of Assam and Malay, and the Cercopithecide by great num- 
bers which mainly differ generically from the Ethiopian. 
In passing over this list we find that the Oriental region 
is not so faunistically distinct as the Ethiopian. Whilst the 
latter has the monopoly of at least eight families, the 
Oriental has not more than three, namely, the 7upaiide, 
Tarsude and Galeopithecide, though the two latter really 
rank as sub-orders. 
Whilst the Ethiopian region was distinguished by a 
marked absence of bears, tapirs, deer, wolves and few pigs, 
these are all found in the Oriental region, the deer and pigs 
in abundance. On the other hand, both regions agree in 
small representation of Mustehde and in almost entire 
absence of sheep, goats, moles and shrews, features which 
are in marked contrast to the Holarctic region. 
We have already seen that Ethiopia probably owes its faunistic 
similarity to the Oriental region to a migration from the latter to 
the former, and ‘‘during the Pliocene, India, at least, could not 
have been distinguished as a region from Ethiopia as it exists at the 
present day, and even in the Pleistocene the connection between the 
