754 MICROBIOLOGY OF DISEASES OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS 



The usual post-mortem appearances are enlargement of the spleen, 

 blood thick and tarry, bloody extravasations in the muscles and organs, 

 and bloody fluids escaping from mouth, nostrils or anus. 



In anthrax-infected districts vaccination should be used. The 

 vaccines are prepared by cultivating the bacterium at a high tempera- 

 ture — 42° to 43° — thus forming an asporogenous race, according to 

 methods devised by Pasteur in 1881. Two vaccines are often 

 used, the first of very low virulence, the second more virulent. 

 Between 1882 and 1907, 8,000,000 sheep and 1,300,000 cattle have been 

 vaccinated in France against anthrax, with excellent results. Vaccina- 

 tion by toxin has been advocated by Toussiant, Hawkin, Marmier 

 and others, but this method has not had the success of that described 

 above. 



For treatment of the disease in man, Sclavo's serum has been of 

 considerable benefit. This serum is obtained from the sheep or ass. 

 The animals first receive the two vaccines of Pasteur, then more viru- 

 lent cultures in gradually increasing doses. A serum is then obtained 

 which in a dose of 2 c.c. or less protects a rabbit against a lethal dose 

 of the anthrax organism. 



Animals dead of anthrax should never be opened or skinned.. If 

 doubt exists as to the nature of the disease, an ear may be cut off and 

 sent to a laboratory for examination. Anthrax-infected carcasses 

 may be either burned or buried at a depth of 1.8 m. (6 feet), and covered 

 with quick-lime, and as an extra precaution the burial ground may 

 be fenced off. The prime necessity is to prevent the formation of 

 spores, as it has been shown experimentally that they remain in this 

 condition for eighteen years and produce the disease when inoculated.' 

 Soiled litter, forage and the excretions of animals dead of the disease 

 should be collected and burned. 



The stalls, stables, implements and anything that has been in con- 

 tact with the diseased animals should be disinfected by burning, boiling 

 or the use of some disinfectant like 5 per cent carbolic acid. 



Bacillasy White Diarrhcea or Young Chicks'^ 

 Bacterium puUorum 

 The epidemic type of diarrhoea which is characterized in part by a 

 whitish diarrhceal discharge, and which is now known as "bacillary 



* Prepared by L. F. Rettger. 



