LILIUM — ^IRIS. 



103 



hybrids to their respective parents in their quantitative 

 reactions are exhibited in the following summary, the 

 figures being, however, of an absolutely tentative charac- 

 ter, because many of the reactions recorded as sameness 

 are so only because the concentrations of the reagents 

 were not adapted to elicit differences of a positive 

 character. 



Following is a summary of the reaction-intensities: 



The general picture presented by the five charts is 

 that of a definite generic type, the curves bearing close 

 relationships in their courses; but with a tendency to 

 variability in the reactions with chloral hydrate, chromic 

 acid, and pyrogallic acid, this latter indicating a marked 

 molecular instability in relation to these special reag- 

 ents. There is not the least evidence of subgeneric 

 grouping such as was found in certain other genera stud- 

 ied, this being in accord with the findings in the pre- 

 ceding research in which it was stated upon the basis of 

 that preliminary work that the division of Lilium into 

 the six subgenera noted is probably botanically artificial. 



The curves of Lilium martagon and its horticultural 

 variety L. martagon album very closely coincide, the 

 curve of the former inclining, where satisfactory differ- 

 ences can be made out, to be somewhat lower than that of 

 the former, as in the reactions with polarization, iodine, 

 chromic acid, pyrogallic acid, cobalt nitrate, and barium 

 chloride ; and rarely higher, as with safranin and chloral 

 hydrate, the latter being the only one that is important. 



It is of interest to note that in the fourth group L. 

 chalcedonicum (subgenus Mwrtagon) is crossed with 

 L. candidum (subgenus Eulirion), yielding L. testaceum, 

 which latter is classed in the subgenus Martagon and 

 in the same subdivision of the subgenus as L. chalce- 

 donicum. In this research the hybrid shows in the 

 sum total of its characters a closer relationship, as a 

 whole, to L. chalcedonicum than to the other parent. 

 Thus, in the form of the grain, general characters of the 

 hilum, characters and arrangements of the lamellae, 

 polariscopic figure, appearances with selenite, qualitative 

 reactions with iodine, qualitative reactions with the 

 various chemical reagents, and quantitative reactions in 

 the polarization, iodine, chloral-hydrate, and chromic- 

 acid reactions it is closer to L. chalcedonicum j but in 

 eccentricity of the hilum, size of the grains, and quanti- 

 tative reactions with gentian violet, safranin, pyrogallic 

 acid, cobalt nitrate, cupric chloride, and barium chloride 

 it is distinctly much closer to the other parent. Curi- 

 ously, while the foregoing data, as a whole, indicate a 

 much closer relationship of the hybrid to L. chalcedoni- 

 cum, the composite curves indicate the contrary, but this 

 contradiction may be explained upon the basis of inade- 

 quate analysis with the chemical reagents, because of the 



great rapidity of many of the reactions. From the fore- 

 going, qualitative data may be more important in the 

 recognition and differentiation of starches than quanti- 

 tative data, although theoretically one should expect 

 them to go hand in hand. 



30. COMPAEISONS OP THE StAECHES OF IeIS IBEBICAj 

 I. TEOJANA, AND I. ISMALI, 



In the histologic characteristics, polariscopic figures, 

 reactions with selenite, reactions with iodine, and quali- 

 tative reactions with various chemical reagents, the 

 starches of the parents and hybrid exhibit properties in 

 common in varying degrees of development, the sum of 

 which in each case is characteristic of the starch. The 

 starch of Iris iberica in comparison with that of I. trojana 

 contains few aggregates, and more compound grains of 

 more types ; the grains are more irregular ; and flatten- 

 ing of the distal end of elongated elliptical grains is more 

 common. The hilum is more distinct and more fre- 

 quently fissured. The lamellae are coarser and more dis- 

 tinct; more apt to be irregular, especially between the 

 hilum and the distal margin, following in their course 

 the curvature of the notch in the distal margin; and 

 the number is larger. The common sizes are larger — 

 longer and broader or longer and of the same width than 

 in the other parent. In the polariscopic, selenite, and 

 qualitative iodine reactions there are a number of dif- 

 ferences of an apparently minor character. In the 

 qualitative reactions with chloral hydrate, hydrochloric 

 acid, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium 

 salicylate there are various differences, probably for the 

 most part unimportant. The starch of the hybrid in 

 comparison with the starches of the parents contains a 

 less number of aggregates than in either parent; more 

 compound grains than in I. iberica but less than in /. tro- 

 jana; and the grains are much more irregular than in 

 /. iberica and more irregular than in I. trojana. The 

 hilum in character is more closely related to /. iberica, 

 but in eccentricity to the other parent. The lamellae are 

 in character, arrangement, and number more closely re- 

 lated to /. iberica. The size is less than in either parent, 

 but closer to /. iberica. In the degree of polariza- 

 tion and qualitative iodine reactions the relationship is 

 closer to /. iberica, but in the qualitative polarization 

 and selenite reactions closed to the other parent. In the 

 qualitative chemical reactions there are leanings here 

 and there to one or the other parent, but on the whole the 

 relationships are much closer to 7. iberica. It is of 

 interest to note that a feature of I. iberica may be accen- 

 tuated in the reactions of the hybrid. 



Reaction-intensitiea Expressed by Light, Color, and Tempera- 

 ture Reactions. 

 Polarization: 



I. iberica, low to high, value 50. 



I. trojana, low to moderately high, lower than in I. iberica, value 45. 



I. ismali, low to moderately high, lower than in either parent, 

 value 40. 

 Iodine : 



I. iberica, light to moderate, value 40. 



I. trojana, moderate, deeper than in I. iberica, value 50. 



I. ismali, light to moderate, the same as in I. iberica, value 40. 

 Gentian violet: 



I. iberica, light to moderate, value 40. 



I. trojana, moderate, deeper than in I. iberica, value 50. 



I. ismali, light to moderate, the same as in I. iberica, value 40. 



