352 USEFUL BIRDS. 



In early spring, or in August or September, a tall, dark, 

 lone bird may be seen stalking by some pond, along the sea- 

 shore, or on tidal flats. It is far larger than other common 

 Herons, and when it flies sometimes gives utterance to harsh, 

 loud croaks, and spreads a pair of great wings that seem as 

 large as those of the Eagle. This unmistakable bird is the 

 Great Blue Heron or Blue "Crane" (as it is sometimes 

 wrongly called) (^Ardea herodias herodias), which lives 

 largely on fish, frogs, and meadow mice. 



Another species is sometimes started from the grassy 

 meadow or the marshy fen. This is a large brown bird, 

 about the size of the Night Heron. The under part of its 

 neck is distinctly streaked with brown and white, and there 

 is a black streak on the side of the neck. It is a skulker, 

 seeking concealment by preference, and flying only when 

 hard pressed. Its flight is slow and awkward, and it usually 

 does not fly high or far, but alights again among the grass 

 or reeds of the marsh. Sometimes on rising it utters sev- 

 eral harsh, rattling croaks. This is the American Bittern 

 (^Botaurus lentiginosus) , — a bird that lives in the bog and 

 nests there. It seldom, if ever, alights in trees. Its most 

 common spring note consists of a series of choking, gurgling 

 sounds, that resemble the noise made by an old-fashioned 

 wooden pump, and may be represented by the syllables unk- 

 a-chunJc, repeated several times. This has given the bird 

 the vernacular name of "plum pud'n." Sometimes at a 

 distance only a single note can be heard, which sounds like 

 the stroke of a mallet on a stake. Hence the name Stake 

 Driver ; but how it came by the name of Indian Hen I am 

 unable to say. The Bittern is perhaps the most useful of all 

 the Herons, for it frequently goes to low fields and pastures, 

 where it industriously hunts grasshoppers and other Orthop- 

 tera. A small species, the Least Bittern {Ixohrychus 

 eooilis), may be heard cooing in the marshes, but is seldom 

 seen. The top of the head, back, and tail are black; else- 

 where the bird is mainly brown, lighter below. It often 

 sits erect, facing the observer, its bill pointing upward, and 

 so it is unnoticed among the reeds or flags. Its habits are 



little known. 



