CHECKS UPON INCREASE OF USEFUL BIRDS. 361 



sprayed. Mr. Robert Ridgway noticed that birds decreased 

 very much in numbers in a section of Illinois where practi- 

 cally all the farmers began spraying their orchards ; but in a 

 recent letter he expresses some doubt as to whether spraying, 

 or a bounty crusade against the Sparrows, caused the dimi- 

 nution of birds. The reduction of birds in such cases may 

 be explained in part by the fact that the insects had been 

 destroyed by spraying, leaving the birds without food. 

 During two seasons I examined dead birds found near 

 sprayed trees, but in only two instances did chemical analy- 

 sis indicate a remote possibility that the birds had died from 

 insecticide poisoning. (See annual report of the State Orni- 

 thologist in annual report of the Massachusetts State Board 

 of Agriculture for 1908 and 1909.) Birds usually reject 

 sickly insects, and would not be likely to eat those which 

 showed the effects of poison ; but gipsy caterpillars will 

 carry more poison in proportion to their size than would 

 kill a man, and they will still appear healthy. It has been 

 noticed in some cases that birds have avoided trees that 

 have been sprayed with arsenate of lead, but in other cases 

 they have not. This subject should be further investigated. 



THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF BIRDS. 



Under nature, the indigenous natural enemies of birds 

 cannot be regarded as the cause of any material reduction in 

 the numbers of the smaller species. Under man's rule, how- 

 ever, the conditions may be so changed that certain natural 

 enemies of birds may become positively harmful. For this 

 reason, if for no other, the bird protectionist should care- 

 fully study the effect produced upon birds by their enemies. 

 Any natural enemy of birds which becomes unduly numer- 

 ous may prove seriously restrictive to their increase, and 

 may require severe checking. 



Foreign species introduced and liberated in a new country 

 may constitute a serious danger to bird life. Still, many 

 people have deliberately introduced mammals and birds from 

 other countries and liberated them here. Fortunately, per- 

 haps, few of these attempts to saddle foreign species upon 

 us have proved successful. There can be but little objection 



