THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS. 375 



Smooth sumach, .... Rhus glabra. 



Poison sumach, poison dogwood, . Rhus Vernix. 

 Poison ivy, ..... RJitis Toxicodendron. 



Raspberries, thimbletaerries, and 



blackberries, .... Rubus. 



(All species are eaten by birds.) 

 Wild or dwarf rose, . . . Rosa humilis. 



(The hips of other species are probably eaten.) 

 Red-berried elder, red elder, . . Sambuaus racemosa. 

 American elder, sweet elder, black 



elder, ...... Satnbiicus canadensis. 



Sweet gum, ..... Liquidambar Siyraciflua. 



Wild gooseberries and currants, . Ribes. 



(All species.) 

 Moonseed, Canada moonseed, . . Menispermiim canadense. 

 Virginia creeper, — woodbine, . Psedera quinquefoUa. 



Wild grapes, ..... Vitis. 



(All species.) 

 Probably all the thorn trees {CraLmgus), including the English haw- 

 thorn (Cratoegus Oxyacaniha). 



Sassafras Sassafras variifolium. 



■ Red mulberry, .... Mortis rubra. 



' Russian mulberry, .... Morus alba, var. Tatarica. 



' Hackberry, nettle tree or sugar berry, Cellis occidentalis. 

 American holly, .... Ilex opaca. 



'■ Winterberry, black alder, . . Ilex verticillaia. 



(Probably other species of holly {Ilex) are also eaten.) 

 Climbing bittersweet, stafftree, wax- 

 work, ...... Celasirus scandeiis. 



'■ Bayberry, ..... Myrica carolinensis. 



' Barberry, common (European), . Berberis vulgaris. 



' Shad bush, June berry, . . . Araelanchier canadensis. 



Red chokeberry Pyrus arbulifolia. 



(Probably the black chokeberry is also eaten.) 



Beach plum Prunus maritima. 



(And probably other plums.) 

 Wild red cherry, bird cherry, . . Prunus pennsylvanica. 



Sand cherry, Prunus pumila. 



' Black cherry, rum cherry, . . Prunus serotina. 



' Choke cherry Prunus virginiana. 



Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides. 



Sweet viburnum, Nanny plum, sheep 



berry, ...... Viburnum Lentago. 



Cranberry tree, .... Viburnum Opulus.^ 



' Probably the berries of the arrowwoods of this genus are also eaten by birds. 



