ICO THE FBUIT MANUAL. 



long, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with 

 russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a brisk, 

 poignant, and very pleasant flavour. 



A highly-esteemed old English apple, suitable principally for culinary 

 purposes, but also valuable for the dessert ; it is in use from December 

 to the end of April. The tree attains about the middle size, is a free 

 and healthy grower, and an excellent bearer. 



This is, I believe, the oldest existing English apple on record. It is noticed as 

 being cultivated in Norfollc as early as the year 1200, — what evidence against 

 Mr. Knight's theory I In Blomefield's History of Norfolk there is mention of a 

 tenure in that county by petty serjeanty, and the payment of two hundred pear- 

 mains, and four hogsheads of cider of pearmains into the Exchequer, at the Feast 

 of St. Michael, yearly. It is the original of all the Pearmains, a name now applied 

 to a great variety of apples. Much doubt has existed as to the origin of this word, 

 and in a communication to the Gardener's Chronicle for 1848, I there stated what 

 I conceived to be its meaning. The early forms in which it was written were 

 Pearemaine and Peare-maine. In some early historical works of the same period 

 I have seen Charlemagne written Chartemaine, the last portion of the word having 

 the same termination as Pearemaine. Now, Charlemagae being derived from 

 Carolue magnus there is every probability that Pearemaine is derived from Pyrus 

 mngnus. The signification, therefore, of Pearmain is the Great Pear Apple, in 

 allusion, no doubt, to the varieties known by that name„^earing a resemblance to 

 the form of a pear. 



WINTER QIJOINING {Winter Queening).— Fiuit, medium sized, 

 two inches and a quarter wide, and rather more than two inches and a 

 half high ; conical, distinctly five-sided, with five acute angles, extend- 

 ing the whole length of the fruit, and terminating at the crown in five 

 equal and prominent crowns. Skin, pale green, almost entirely covered 

 with red, which is striped and mottled with deeper red, and marked on 

 the shaded side with a thin coat of russet. Eye, small and closed, set 

 in a narrow and angular cavity. Stalk, about half an inch long and 

 slender, deeply inserted in a narrow and angular cavity. Flesh, 

 greenish yellow, tender, soft, not very juicy, sugary, rich, and per- 

 fumed. 



A good old English apple, suitable either for the dessert or culinary 

 purposes ; it is in use from November to May. 



The Winter Quoining is a very old English apple. I have here adopted an ortho- 

 graphy different from that usually employed, because I conceive it to be the most 

 correct. The name is derived from the word Coin or Quoin, the corner stones of 

 a building, because of the angles or comers on the sides of the fruit. Thus Kea in 

 his Pomona says, when speaking of this apple, " it succeeds incomparably on the 

 parailise apple, as the Colviele (Calville) and all other sorts of Qiieenings do," 

 regarding the Calville also as a Queening from the angularity of its shape. 



WINTER RUSSET.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a 

 quarter wide, and two inches high, roundish and flattened ; the sides 

 are angular, and the crown is ribbed. Skin, entirely covered with 

 brown russet, which is thick but not rough, and in some specimens 

 there is a tinge of orange ground colour, and in others there is a patch 

 of smooth, shining, dark crimson. Eye, closed, with broad green leaf- 

 like segments, set iu a moderately deep and rather angular basin. 



