230 THE BERMUDA ISLANDS. 



ous beils of Cormons (Eocene) or Grosara and Caslel Goijiberto 

 (Oligocene), did he observe any evidence of the existence of 

 massive coral structures, such as might be strictly compared 

 to the modern reefs. (Antlitz der Erde, ii, p. 407, 1888.) 



A. Geikie. Presidential Address delivered before the Royal Physical Society of Edin- 

 burgh. Proc. Royal Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, viii, lS8:i-84. 



A review of the rival theories of coral-reef formation. Prof. 

 Geikie gives in his adhesion to the views of Mr. Murray, but 

 adduces no fact which is inconsistent with the theory of sub- 

 sidence. 



Ji Bein. " Die Bermudas-Inseln und ihre Korallenriffc, nebst einem Nachtrage gegen 

 die Darwinische Senkungstheoric." Verhandl. d. erst, deutsch. Geographentags, 

 1881. 



I have not seen this paper, but the facts contained in it, so 

 far as the Bermudas are concerned, seem to be the same as 

 those which are given in his original memoir, and which are 

 discussed in the main part of this work. 



K. Semper. "Animal Life as affected by the N^atural Conditions of Existence." 1881. 



In this work the author reviews his observations on the 

 coral-structures of the Pelew Archipelago — to which reference 

 is made in the chapter on the " Coral-Reef Problem " — and 

 asserts his positive conviction that the evidence obtained at 

 this point is directly opposed to the theory of subsidence. Tlie 

 principal basis for Semper's conclusions is that we have here an 

 association of all three classes of reefs — atolls, fringing-rcefs ami 

 barrier-reefs. These he considers to have arisen in a region of 

 elevation. Semper has, I believe, given us positive proof of 

 elevation, but I fail to see how this elevation in any way pre- 

 cludes the possibility of a subsequent subsidence ; nor can I 

 find any facts in the description of the islands which sjieak 

 against such a subsidence. On the contrary, the author him- 

 self admits that a change or arrest of movement (of elevation) 

 has taken place when he asserts : " The facts here adduced 

 suffice, as it seems to me, to prove that, in the first place, a 

 quite recent upheaval must have occurred ; and secondly, tliat 

 that period of uplieaval must have passed into the present con- 



