312 PINE FAMILY. 



P. inops, Jersey Scrub P. Low straggling tree of barrens and sterile 

 hills, from New Jersey S. & W. ; with drooping branchlets, leaves l'-3' long, 

 and solitary ovate-oblong cones 2' long, reflexed on a short stalk, the scales 

 tipped with an awl-shaped prickle. 



P. Bankslana, Gray or Northern Scrub P. Along our northern 

 frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks : straggling shrub or tree, 5° -20° 

 high ; with oblique or contorted leaves 1' long, curved cones barely 2' long, and 

 blunt scales. 



* » Cones at the apex of the branch and falling after shedding the seed, their 

 scales slightly thickened at the end and imthout any prickly point ; leaves 

 only 2 in the cluster and with a long sheath, slender. 



P. resinbsa, Red Pine, and wrongly called Norway Pine : the Latin 

 name not a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous : dry woods N. 

 from N. England to Wisconsin ; 50° - 80° high, with reddish and smoothish 

 bark, compact wood, dark green leaves 5' - 6' long and not rigid, and ovate- 

 conical smooth cones about 2' long. 



§ 2. White Pines, viith softer leaves, 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the scale 

 underneath early deciduous : cones long, cylindrical, terminal, hanging, 

 falling after sheading the seeds, their scales hardly if at all thickened at the 

 end, pointless : seed thin-shelled and winged. 



P. Str6bus, White Pine. Tall tree in low or fertile soil N. and along 

 the mountains ; with soft white wood invaluable for lumber, smooth greenish 

 bark on young trunks and branches, pale or glaucous slender leaves 3' - 4' long, 

 and narrow cones 5' - 6' long. 



P. exc^lsa, Bhotan or Himalayan White P. Ornamental tree barely 

 hardy for N. ; with the drooping and white leaves and the cones nearly twice 

 the length of those of White Pine. 



P. Xiamberti&na, Lambert's or Sugar P. One of the tallest trees of 

 Oregon and California, beginning to be planted : has leaves as rigid as in many 

 Pitch Pines, 3' -5' long, bright green, the cones also at first erect, when full 

 grown 12' -20' long. 



§ 3. Nut Pines, with leaves, §-c. as in the preceding section, but short thick conns 

 of fewer and thick pointless scales, and large hard-shelled edible seeds desti- 

 tute of a wing. 



P. C^mbra, Cembra or Swiss Stone P. of the higher Alps : small, 

 slow-growing, veiy hardy ornamental tree, with green 4-sided leaves 3' - 4' long 

 and much crowded on the erect branches ; cones round-oval, erect, 2' long, the 

 round seeds as large as peas. 



2. ABIES, SPRUCE, FIR (Classical Latin name. — The names Abies 

 and PicEA, for Spruce and Pir, are just oppositely used by different authors. 

 Linnaeus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do some 

 late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, and the later 

 botanists mostly follow them.) Fl. late spring. 



§ 1. Spruce. Cones hanging or nodding on the end of a branch, their scales 

 persistent : cells of the anther opening lengthwise : the needle-shaped and 

 A-sided leaves pointing every way. 



A. exc^lsa, Norway Spruce : the most common and most vigorous 

 species planted, from Europe ; fine large tree, with stout branches, deep green 

 leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones 5' -7' long. 



A. nigra, Black or Double Spruce. Cold woods and swamps N. and 

 along the mountains S. : middle-sized tree, with leaves (seldom over ^' long) 

 dark green, and a glaucous-whitish variety E. ; its ovate cones recurving on 

 short branches, I'-IJ' long, persistent for several years, thin rigid scales with 

 thin often eroded edge. 



A. &lba, White Spruce. Wild only along our northern borders and N. ; 

 when planted a very handsome tree, with pale glaucous leaves ; cylindrical 

 nodding cones about 2' long, falling the first winter, the thinner scales with a 

 firm even edge. 



