VI 



ANTENNATA— MOUTH PARTS 



451 



The mechanism for sucking and stinging, which is oooasionally very complicated, 

 and to which certain adaptations in the oesophagus (pumps, " fish trap " apparatus, 

 etc.), belong, cannot he here more exactly described. 



The mouth parts of the other Hexapoda must be referred to one or other of the 

 types depicted. 



The mouth parts of the Cokoptera are for biting and masticating, similar to those 

 of the Orthoptera ; the masticatory ridges of the anterior maxillte are rarely trans- 

 formed into a sucking tube. 



The mouth parts of the Bermaptera, Epilieiiwridce, Odonata, PIccoptcra Cm-rodentia, 



Fig. 311.— Mouth parts of the Hemlptera. A, of Pentatoma. B, of Pyrrhocoris. 



as before. 



Lettering 



Neuroptera, and Panorpata are also adapted for biting, and belong with various 

 deviations to the type of those of the Orthoptera and ColeojAera. 



The mouth parts of the TTiysanoptera (Physopoda) hold a position intermediate 

 between the biting mouth parts of the Orflioptera and the sucking inouth parts of 

 the Rhynehota. The mandibles are changed into piercing setae, and come to lie 

 mthin a short tubular proboscis, which arises by the growing together of tlie upper 

 lip with the anterior maxillae and the lower lip (posterior maxillfe). The 2 pairs 

 of maxillae have distinct jjalps and otherwise generally show the typical parts 

 variously modified. In the Triclioptera the mandibles are rudimentary, the 2 

 pairs of maxillae together form a sort of proboscis (for piercing and sucking), the 4 

 palps remaining separate on it. Tlie palps, however, as well as the proboscis itself, 

 may disappear. 



In the AphwnipUra (Fleas) the mouth parts are for piercing and sucking. The 

 mandibles are toothed ridges which, together with the upper lip form the sucking 



