44 
Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
species Pharyngobalus cameli are said to make their way into the 
pharynx of the camel, where they feed upon the mucous membrane, 
and produce great irritation of the nostrils and pharynx, causing an 
offensive discharge tinged with blood, When full fed the larva makes 
its escape through the nostril and falls to the ground, where it passes 
through the pupal stage. The species Gastrophilus equt, a variety of 
which is common in Dehra and probably throughout India, is said to 
lay itseggs, four or five hundred innumber, generally on or about 
the horse’s front legs. The horse takes the eggs into its mouth 
in biting the irritated spots where they have been laid. The 
larve thus pass into the stomach, where they attach themselves to the 
mucous membrane. Here they are said to remain for nine or ten 
months, feeding on the matter produced by the irritation they set up. 
When full grown they loosen their hold-and are carried through the 
intestines and ejected with the excrement. They theu burrow into the 
ground, where they transform into pupe, the imago emerging in 
thirty or forty days. When only a few grubs are present in a horse’s 
stomach they are said to cause but little injury to the animal, but 
when they exist in large numbers they may produce very considerable 
inflammation and even death. The Musuem contains a specimen 
for examination, 
Other species, related to the European bot-fly (Hypoderma bovis, 
De Geer), lay their eggs in the backs of cattle, deer, goats and other 
animals. The larva penetrates beneath the skin and forms a sore, 
which does not heal until the insect is full grown and drops out to 
transform into a pupa in the ground. It is said that hides received 
from the North-West Provinces of India for shipment to Europe 
are often damaged toa large extent in this way. Inthe case of 
domestic animals, filling up the sore with a plug of almost any kind 
of greasy ointment, which should, when possible, be of an antiseptic 
nature, is said to suffocate the grub and cause it to release its hold, 
thus enabling the sore to heal. 
Muscide.—This family comprises a vast number of species, with very 
various habits, The common house-fly may be taken as a typical repre- 
sentative. The antenna are three-jointed, the terminal joint flattened 
and furnished at the side with a large bristle. The proboscis ends in a 
fleshy lobe. Amongst the Muscide the most important group of 
species are the Tachine, which have very great resemblance to the 
house-fly group, but differ in having the bristle at the end of the 
antenna smooth instead of plumose. The eggs of the Tachine are laid 
upon caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects. The larva (maggot) 
burrows into the caterpillar’s body, but avoids the vital organs, so 
that the caterpillar usually lives on until the maggot is full fed and 
cutsits way out. On emerging from the caterpillar the maggot 
