48 
Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
by butterflies of the genus Papilio (also to be seen in the collection), 
which belong to the totally distinct group of Succincti. The mimick- 
ing species have no offensive flavour and would be readily eaten by 
Lirds if it were not for their wonderful resemblance to the protected 
Danaids. (2) The leaf-butterfly (Kadlima), which looks almost precisely 
like a leaf when at rest upon a bush, but which exhibits bright colours 
when upon the wing. (3) Hypolimnas bolina, Linn., the male of which 
exhibits bright metallic colour when flying towards its mate, but 
appears dusky and inconspicuous when pursued by birds. 
Papilionide.—The butterflies of this family have the fore legs in 
both sexes fully developed and capable of being used for walking. 
Many of their caterpillars are provided with curious tentacle-like pro- 
cesses, which can be protruded with great rapidity from the front of 
the body. These appendages ave said to be scent organs and are 
believed to be utilised in driving off Ichneumonidae, which are one of 
the chief enemies of the caterpillars. ‘The students should be able to 
recognise in the School collection—(1) the species Papilio erithonius, 
Cramer, whose caterpllars are very destructive to the foliage of young 
orange and lemon treesin India; (2) Papilio polytes, which is inter- 
esting on account of its three distinct forms of female; (8) the white 
butterflies o£ the group Pierinz, whose caterpillars defoliate cabbages 
and other garden plants. 
Lycanida (Blues and coppers).—The butterflies of this family are 
small slender insects, with somewhat weak forelegs, In the male the 
tarsi of the forelegs are long and without joints, In the female they 
are jointed, as in the two posterior pairs of legs. The students should 
notice the species Catochrysops pandava in the School collection, whose 
caterpillars, like others of the same family, are attended and protected 
by ants; also Virachola isocrates, Fabr., whose caterpillars tuonel into 
pomegranates and are said sometimes to fasten the fruit with silken 
strands on to its stalk so as to prevent its falling to the ground before 
the butterfly emerges. 
Hesperide (Skippers).—The butterflies of this family may be recog- 
nised by the curious little hook at the end of the clubbed antenna, 
The caterpillars of the species (Suastus gremius, Faby.) occasionally 
injure the foliage of palm trees, but are of no great importance. 
Lasiocampide group.—This group comprises several families! The 
moths are mostly fluffy inconspicuous creatures, which lay their eggs 
upon the leaves or bark of plants. The caterpillars are covered with 
hair and in many casesdo a great amount of damage in forests by 
defoliating the trees. The hairs are often sharp and.brittle, with econsi- 
derable urticating properties. When full fed the caterpillars spin 
: Postscript.—The Lasiocampide, Lymantriide, Eupterotride, etc., as given by 
Hampson, Vol. I. 
