554 Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
the Jand with such substances as soot and gas-lime hag 
been recommended for getting rid of them.. 
(8) Hyblea puera, Cram. (== Tortrix tectona, Nisbet).—This is a 
little dusky moth, with reddish markings in the hind 
wings. The moth is much like a large Tortrix (Microle- 
pidoptera), but has hitherto been included by entomo- 
logists amongst the Noctwes. ‘he caterpillar defoliates 
teak and has done a large amount of damage in Lower 
Burma.' It has also been reported from Assam, Berar 
and the North-West Provinces, so is likely to occur in all 
parts of India, The caterpillar is said to appear in April 
and May, shortly after the flushing of the spring leaves. 
About the end of May the caterpillars begin to let them- 
selves down to the ground by silken threads. The pupa 
is formed ina flimsy cocoon, which is often attached to 
dead leaves on the ground. Major Bingbam notices that a 
plantation attaeked by this insect is a wonderful scene 
of activity, as numbers of jungle-fowl, ground-thrushes 
(Pitta) and insectivorous birds of all kinds crowd to the 
spot to feed upon the eaterpillars. Mr. Nisbet suggests 
cutting out of trees that are badly attacked and driving 
pigs into the forest in the first half of June when the 
chrysalides are on the ground. 
(4) The boll-worm (Heliothis armigera), which attacks agrieul- 
tural erops of all kinds and tunnels into the pods of poppy 
cotton and leguminose, The caterpillar of this imsect 
has little to distinguish it from other Noctues larvae, but 
the moth can be recognised by its greyish colour and the 
arrangement of the dusky streak on the posterior wing. 
The students should examine the specimens of Noctues insects in 
the School Museum and sketch a few typical representatives, 
Geometres,— These moths can usually be recognised by.their slender build, 
large wings, and antenng pectinated in the male. The caterpillars 
may be known by their peculiar mode of progression. They have the 
anterior pairs of prolegs rudimentary and the remainder set far back, 
while the Lody is slender andelongated. Owing to this peculiar 
1 Mr. J. Nisbet, Deputy Conservator of Forests, writing to the Indian Forester on the 
injury done by this insect in the Pegu Circle, observes :—‘‘ These ravages of the Tortrix 
Tectone ?) are really of very considerable importance, From April till July, when the 
summer flush of leaves comes, the increment in growth is lost almost entirely, and the later 
jnerement of the year must to some, and in all probability to a considerable extent, have 
been affected by the denudation of leaves previcusly. The occurrence of these attacks and 
details as to their maguitude do not yet find a place in our Annual Reports, although in all 
likelibood they do as much (or more ?) harm than a fire, unless the latter passes through a 
plantation where the accumulation of débris is great.” 
