68 Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
are to a great extent intermediate in structure between the Prototheria 
end the Zutherta, The young are born ata very early stage of develop- 
ment and are then nourished in a pouch which contains the mammary 
glands. Like the Prototheria, the Metatheria are of no practical import- 
ance to the Indian forester, but should be noticed as representing a 
large and interesting section of the class. The Zutheria comprises all 
the mammals that occur in India. They are characterised by a 
special arrangement (placenta) by means of which the foetus is nourished 
within the uterus of the mother, and by the possession of a distinct 
urogenital opening. 
The Eutheria are classified into the orders Edentata, Sirenia, Cetacea, 
Carnivora, Ungulata, Rodentia, Insectivora, Chiroptera, and Primates. 
l.—Edentata.—These are lowly mammals, with imperfectly 
developed teeth. The only representative that need be 
noticed is the Indian Manis or pangolin, which can at once 
be recognised by the large horny scales with which the 
upper part of the body is covered. The pangolin bur- 
rows into the earth and feeds on ants and Termites ( white- 
ants). The students should be able to recognise the pan- 
golins’ skins as such in the School Museum. 
ll,—Sirenia.—These are aquatic vegetable-feeding mammalia 
which are of no practical importance to the forester. 
They comprise the dugong, which is to be found on the 
coasts of India. The hind limbs are absent and the front 
limbs, neck and head are partially modified for aquatic 
life. The mamme are pectoral. 
I1l.—-Cetacea. —This order comprises the whales of the Indian 
ocean, also the dolphins and porpoises, some of which are 
found in the tidal rivers of India. They are fish-like 
mammalia, without hind limbs, with the front limbs con- 
verted into fins, and the whole body far more specialised 
for aquatic life than the Sirenia. The mammez are 
inguinal, 
IV.—Ungulata.—This order comprises all the hoofed mammals, 
which are very numerous and important, The Indian 
representatives are all included in the sub-orders Pro- 
hie Sia, Periss dactyla, and Artiodactyla. 
(a) Proboscedia.—With five toes, includes the Indian 
elephant. NW, B.—‘he trunk is merely a modifi- 
cation of the nose, while the tusks are modifications 
of the upper incisors. The grinding teeth 
(molars), of which there are six pairs, are pushed 
forward successively from behind and shed in front 
