Systematic Course. 69 
as they wear out. The Museum contains a skull 
in which the students can examine the teeth. 
(2) Perissodactyla.— With less than five toes, the third 
(middle) digit being the largest, Includes the 
horse, donkey’ and wild ass of Sind, with foot 
consisting of but one digit, the secona and fourth 
digits being rudimentary and forming splint- 
bones on either side of the middle toe; also the 
rhinoceros, with three toes, and the tapirs, with 
four toes in front and three toes behind. 
(c) Artiodactyla.— With two median digits ( third and 
fourth) equalin size. This sub-order includes a large 
number of Indian species :—(1) Pigs, which have 
a simple stomach and are nou-ruminant ; (2) Camels, 
which are ruminants, with incisors in both jaws ; 
(3) Musk-deer, which are ruminants with enormous 
canines, but no incisors in the upper jaw ; (4) 
Barking deer (Cervulus mountjac), ruminant, inci- 
sors absent above, canines large, horns on long bony 
stalks ; (5) Sambar, hog-deer (Cervus porcinus), 
Swamp deer, and Chital—all ruminants, canines 
small or absent, with solid dermal horns, which are 
cast off at intervals, no incisors in the upper jaw ; 
(6) Mouse-deer, without horns, raminant—but with 
only three compartments to the stomach instead of 
four asin the true deer, with canines, but without 
incisors in the upper jaw ; (7) Common antelope, 
four-horned antelope, gazelle, domestic goat, 
nilgai, serow, ibex, tahr, burrhal, oorial, ammon, 
Ovis poli, gaur (Indian bison), yak, buffalo, and 
Indian cattle,—all ruminants, with neither canines 
nor incisors in the upper jaw, the horns hollow and 
supported by a bony centre, The students should 
go over the representatives of the Artiodactyla in 
the School Museum and beable to recognise them. 
They should pay particular attention to the teeth 
and the horns, 
With regard to the relative damage done by various 
Ungulates in Indian forests, goats are probably about 
the most destructive, as they continually nibble off the 
young shoots and thus prevent seedlings from growing 
into trees. Cattle and sheep again do an immense 
amount of injury of a similar nature, though to a somewhat 
lesser extent. Elephants break down young trees, eat the 
