Elementary Manual of Zvology. 
leaves of several species and also strip the branches of their 
bark. In the hot weather they are said to’be particularly 
partial to sal bark, while bamboo clumps are often com- 
pletely uprooted by them. Deer do some damage by brows- 
ing on the tops of seedlings and coppice shoots, also by 
rubbing their horns against young trees. Pigs are said to 
devour great quantities of acorns and other fallen seed. 
They also uproot seedlings, and sometimes injure the bark of 
trees by rubbing their tusks on the trunk, On the other 
hand, their grubbing up of the soil is said to be an excel- 
lent preparation for the reception of seed, specially in deodar 
forests, where the main obstacle to reproduction is the 
thick maSting of fallen needles, on which the seed is liable 
to dry up without germinating. In coniferous forests 
again pigs are said to destroy the larve and pupe of 
injurious species of moths which hybernate beneath the 
litter. Upon the whole, Mr. Cliffoid inclines to the 
belief that in hill forests pigs are more useful than in- 
jurious, while in the plains the reverse is the case. 
V.—Redentia.— With two large chisel-shaped incisors in front of 
each jaw, which continue to grow throughout the life of 
the animal, For details cf structure, see the chapter on _ 
the dissection of the palm squirrel]. The Rodents include 
the squirrels, bandicoot rats, black rats, brown rats, mice, 
poreupines and hares. The students should be able to re- 
cognise the squirrels, rats, porcupines, and hares as such 
in the School Museum. Squirrels and rats do some damage 
by devouring seed, while porcupines often injure seedlings 
by gnawing the bark. 
Vi-=Insectivora.—The representatives of this order may be re- 
cognised by the large number of teeth in both jaws, the 
molars being furnished with sharp points for crushing in- 
sects. Include hedgehogs and musk rats, which destroy 
a good many insects, but are of no very great importance 
to the Indian forester. 
Vil—Chiroptera.—This order comprises the bats of all kinds, 
whieh have the fore-limbs specialised for purposes of flight, 
Bats are mostly insectivorous and destroy a good many 
injurious insects ; a few species, of which the large flying 
fox (Pteropus) is the best known, feed upon fruit and are 
likely to be of some importance in distributing seeds, 
VIIl-—Carnivora.—These mammals have the teeth, and in many 
cases the claws specialised for tearing flesh, one of the 
