100 Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
Open the wing and feel the various bones by which it is suppantets 
These comprise— 
(1) A basal joint (humerus). 
(2) A-second joint, composed of two bones (radius and ulna) 
placed side by side. 
(8) A series of bones (carpals and metacarpals) which support the 
large wing feathers, Notice the first digit or thumb, which 
supports a small panel of feathers known as, the bastard 
wing. 
In the leg make out— 
(1) The basal joint, supported by the femur. 
(2) The second joint, supported by a bone known as the tibio- 
tarsus. This bone is formed by the fusion of the tibia 
with some of the tarsal bones. It has, closely attached to * 
its outer side, the slender fibula bone. 
(3) The third joint, supported by a straight bone known as the 
tarso-metatarsus or more loosely the tarsus. It is formed 
by the fusion of the remaining tarsal bones and some 
of the metatarsals, 
(4) The four toes of the foot, the first toe (hallux) being directed 
backwards. 
(5) The claws, in which each toe terminates. 
Pull out one of the large feathers from the wing or tail and examine 
it witb your lens to make out the following parts :— 
(1) The tubular semi-transparent portion or quill. Notice the 
two apertures into the tube of the quill, one of consider- 
able size at the end, where the quill penetrates the skin, 
and the other a minute one, which lies on the veutral 
surface of the feather just where the quill joins the solid 
portion (rachis). 
(2) The solid shaft (rachis) which is the continuation of the quilt. 
(3) The flattened lateral expansion (vane) attached to either side 
of the rachis. Notice that the vane is made up of a num- 
ber of elastic slender laminz on barbs, ‘hese are held 
together by means of the minute processes (barbules) which 
form a fringe on each side of the barb. 
(4) The minute supplementary feather (after-shaft) which is at- 
tached to the ventral surface of the ceutral axis just where 
the rachis joins the quill. 
Make a sketch of one of the quill feathers, showing the various struc- 
tares described above. 
Now pluck all the small feathers off the bird and observe the com. 
parative length of the neck; the prominence of the central ridge of the 
