104 Hlementary Manual of Zoology. 
shaped loop is taken up by an elongated pinkish gland 
(pancreas), which pours its secretion into the digestive 
tract. The duodenum also receives the biie secreted by 
the liver. 
(5) Behind the duodenum the intestine continues its course as a 
long narrow much convoluted tube to the cloacal aperture. 
(6) About balf an inch above the cloacal aperture you will see a 
little white ear-like appendage on either side of the tube. 
‘hese are ceca, which in some birds are very largely 
developed. They correspond to the vermiform appen- 
dage which marks the commencement of the large intes- 
tine in mammals, 
Cut away the whole of the digestive tract, including the liver, and 
wash out the body cavity. You will now be able to see — 
(1) The yellowish spongy lungs which fill the front portion on 
either side of the back of the cavity. A few cuts with 
the knife on either side will enable the lungs to be re- 
moved bodily without injury to the nerves bebind. 
Notice how closely the lungs are appressed into the 
spaces between the ribs. 
(2) Posterior to the lungs lie the dark-coloured excretory glands 
(kidneys), Their ducts pass down on either side to the 
urogenital pouch, where the digestive tract, the excretory 
and the reproductive organs, all unite before passing out 
at the cloacal aperture. 
(8) At the front end of the kidneys are a pair of somewhat indis- 
tinct small yellowish bodies known as the supra-renal 
bodies. They must not be confounded with the testicles. 
(+) Above the kidneys in the male are a pair of round whitish 
testicles which vary a good deal in size at different times 
of the year. In the cold weather in Calcutta they are 
conspicuous organs as big as peas. In the female the left 
ovary alone is developed ; itis athin membranous sac 
lying in front of the left kidney. It is usually dotted 
with eggs, which are often very minute, 
Cut away the reproductive organs and kidneys, You will now have 
the ribs and vertebral column exposed. Notice the white (thoracic 
spinal) nerves which pass out from the spinal column between each rib, 
Notice also the delicate longitudinal nerve cords on either side of the 
spinal column, with swellings at intervals. These connect the roots of 
the spinal nerves and are known as the sympathetic nerve system. By 
clearing away the tissues at the base of the neck you will be able to see the 
net-work of large nerves known as the brachial plexus, which supply the 
