106 Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
(4) Immediately behind the infundibulum, on either side, yoa will 
be able to make out the pair of third nerves, which have 
their origin close to the middle line. 
(5) The fourth pair of nerves pass down on either side from their 
origin on the dorsal surface and can be recognised lying 
between the optic lobe and the medulla oblongata, 
(6) Behind the nerves above noticed, there can be made out, under 
favourable circumstances, the pairs Nos. 5 to 12, which all 
have their origin in connection withthe ventral portion of 
the medulla oblongata. You are not likely, however, to be 
able to make them out satisfactorily without more ela- 
borate dissection than is here intended. 
Cut off one of the legs with scissors across the middle of the tibio- 
tarsus. Dissect off the skin down to the toes and notice the tendons 
which lie at the back of tie metatarsus. By pulling various parts of the 
muscles that have been cut through with the tibio-tarsus, the students 
- will be able, without difficulty, to separate out two tendons which serve 
to flex the hallux and the three opposed toes respectively. On stripping 
off the sheaths of these tendons they will be able to see that the tendons 
pass down together behind the tarso-metatarsus, but are quite distinct 
from each other, so that the flexing ofthe hallux is independent of the 
flexing of the toes, The tendon which flexes the hallux is known as the 
flexor longus hallucis, while the tendon which flexes the three opposed 
toes is the flexor perforans digitorum. Their arrangement is an important 
characteristic of the group of birds to which the sparrow belongs. 
Take the remains of the skull, from which the brain has been ex- 
tracted. Cut off the lower jaw, strip off the horny beak from the 
upper jaw, and pick away the flesh and membrane from the roof of the 
mouth with forceps, so as to expose the bones of the palate. Notice that 
the central bone (vomer) which lies in the roof of the mouth, just below 
the anterior end of the partition which separates the eyes, and which 
bounds the cavity of the nostrils behind, is broad and blunt and discon- 
nected from the little bones (maxillo-palatines) which lie on either side 
of it. This arrangement is one of the characteristics of the order of 
birds to which the sparrow belongs. It is difficult however to make 
out satisfactorily in the sparrow. 
DISSECTION OF THE PALM SQUIRREL. * 
To make out the essential features of Mammalian structure a palm 
squirrel (Sciurus palmarum) may conveniently be taken. Palm squirrels 
are excessively common in Dehra, where they are known as gilehrt 
They are best trapped or netted. They can be readily killed by putting 
them into any closed receptacle and pouring in chloroform, 
? It may be necessary to curtail or omit thia dissection for want of time, 
