108 Elementary Manual of Zoology. 
The students need not attempt to make out the ducts of these 
salivary glands, 
Dissect away the pectoral muscles, so as to expose the ribs. Make 
out— 
(1) The sternum or breast-bone, to which the ribs are attached in 
the middle line in front. 
(2) The slender collar-bone (clavicle), which is attached at one end 
to the anterior end of the sternum and at the other end to 
a process of the flat shoulder. blade (scapula), the humerus 
bone being articulated between them. Dissect away the 
muscles of the shoulder, so as to make out the relative 
positions of these three bones, 
(3) The ribs, which pass round the thorax from the vertebral 
column. 
Slit open the soft abdominal cavity behind the ribs, taking care not 
to injure the viscera, which lie below. Pin back the muscular wall and 
make out the following organs:— 
(1) The liver, which is a large dark-reddish gland lying beneath 
the posterior end of the ribs. Notice the little green 
gall bladder in a notch of the outer lobe on the right side. 
(2) The stomach, which is a large sac-like expansion of the 
digestive tract, lying immediately behind the liver. 
(3) The winding intestine, which takes up the greater part of the 
rest of the abdominal cavity and terminates in the anus 
behind. 
(4) The thin-walled urinary bladder, which lies at the posterior end 
of the abdominal cavity and communicates with the 
urogenital opening in front. 
Turn the viscera over without cutting anything. Notice the 
partition in front (diaphragm) which separates the abdominal cavity 
from the thoracic cavity, and make out the following organs :— 
(1) The ‘spleen, which is an elongated glandular organ lying in 
the left of the body behind the stomach. 
(2) The kidneys, which are a pair of lean-shaped bodies lying in 
the back of the abdominal cavity. Trace the pair of 
slender yellowish tubes (ureters) by which the secretion 
of the kidneys passes into the bladder. Notice the little 
rounded organ (adrenal body) at the anterior end of each 
kidney. 
(3) The fold of transparent membrane (mesentery) which supports 
the digestive tract and contains numerous blood-vessels. 
Endeavour to make out the omentum, which is a fold 
behind the stomach sometimes loaded with fat. 
