APPENDIX 203 



when full fed, and turn to pup^ under the clods of earth 

 and amongst the fallen leaves. The perfect insect from 

 the first brood appears from June to August, and from the 

 second in November. Some of these last appear to 

 hybernate and come out again in April. The fore 

 wings measure only one third of an inch across, and 

 are whitish, with a longitudinal fuscous blotch beyond 

 the middle, and a deep black spot on the apex. Some- 

 times the fore wings are suffused with a bronzy colour, 

 concealing nearly all the markings. All leaves and 

 rubbish should be carefully raked up from below the 

 trees and burnt, in order to destroy the pupae. The 

 leaves where the mines are observed should be picked 

 off and destroyed with the grubs in them. 



rV. HoMOPTEEA (Aphides, Scale Insects, &c.). 



The different aphides are too variable in colour and 

 form to describe without entering minutely into the 

 subject. We have chiefly to deal with the apple (A. 

 mall), the plum (A. pruni), and the cherry aphis 

 (A. cerasi), the two first being chiefly greenish and the 

 last black, and are known as the green fly and the black 

 fly. They pierce the leaves and shoots of the trees 

 with their beaks, and do much damage by drawing-off 

 the sap, whilst they exude a sweet gummy matter, 

 known as ' Honeydew,' which falls on the other leaves 

 and makes them dirty and unhealthy. The best way 

 to deal with them is with washes of soft soap and 

 quassia, tobacco water, &c. ; the shoots may either be 

 brushed with a painter's brush dipped in the mixtures 



