INDIAN SUBSTITUTES FOR RUSSIAN BAST. 235 
vast quantity, or 3; millions, are exported, the rest being con- 
sumed at home. 
Archangel is the printipsl port for the shipment of mats, 
and it appears that on an average of the years 1851 and 1852, 
the export of mats from that port amounted to 615,360 pieces 
ayear. Large quantities are also shipped from Petersburgh, 
Riga, and other ports. (M‘Culloch’s ‘Com. Dict.’) 
The extent of the Imports of Russia Mats into this country 
may be judged of by the following statement furnished to the 
Author by Messrs. Wrench : 
1832. - 840,000 1847. « 520,359 
1840 . « 817,772 1848. 397,553 
1841 . - 508,485 1849 . » 576,565 
1842. . 532,401 1850 . - 359,223 
1843. « 861,565 1851. « 734,659 
1844. - 449,817 1852 . - 333,008 
1845. - 634,041 1853. - 657,040 
1846. . 898,619 
The price in Jan., 1834, was £4 10s. per 100, the duty 
included; in 1848, 95s. to 100s.; and in 1849, under 80s. 
In 1850, 90s.; 1851, 87s. 6d.; 1852, 85s. to 100s. ; and in 
1853, 120s. per 100. 
Inp1Ian SusBstitutes ror Russian Bast. 
As stated above, botanists place in the same family of plants 
the European Tilia and the species of the Indian Grewia, 
from resemblance in points of structure. So, if we inquire 
into the uses of these plants, we shall find, that as Lime leaves 
used to be, and still are, employed in some parts of Europe, 
both in a green and dry state, as fodder for cattle, so in the 
Himalayas, cattle are fed with leaves of Grewia didyma, and 
some are stacked for winter use, for cattle, sheep, and goats ; 
as the Author, when travelling there observed. As the inner 
bark of the Linden yields bast for mats, so is the inner 
bark of Grewia oppositifolia, called bihul, employed in the 
same mountains for making ropes. 
The inner bark of many trees is employed in other parts of 
India for the same purposes, though it is not easy to identify 
