lNXKOlJUCTI0^f 



Campanula, it is persistent, remaining in a withered condition 

 round the fruit. 



The eestivation (Latin /t-sHt'us, belonging to summer), or fold- 

 ing of the leaves of tlie flower in the bud, is often characteristic 

 of Natural Orders or other large groups. In Clematis the sepals 

 are valvate, touchuig at their edges without overlapping ; in all 

 other Rajiuniulneeee they are /w/Wtw/f,' overlapping like tiles on 

 a roof Poppies have their petals crumpled. The Malvaceae 

 have their sepals valvate and their petals convolute, with one edge 

 towards the centre of the flower, and ttle other rolled round the 

 next prial. In Convolvultis the coherent petals are convolute and 

 twisted up\vards, or contorted. 



Ray-Horet of Composite 

 showing ligulate corolla 

 and syiigenesions antliers. 



Personate corolla of 

 Toad flax. 



Rlngenc corolla of 

 Dead-nettle. 



Thii St.vjiens usually consist of one, two, or more whorls of 

 thread-like stalks known as filaments, .each surmounted by an 

 oblong or rounded body, generally two-Jobed externally and two- 

 chambered within, which is called the anther, and contains the 

 pollen, a line dust-like substance. When mature the anther 

 bursts and discharges the p)ollen, which is the active agent in 

 "setting ■' or lutilising the seed. The number of stamens varies 

 from one to an indefinite number, Ijut is \ ery commonly either 

 the same as that of ihe petals or twice» as uianv. They may be 

 equal or unequal in length ; b it if, as in most Liibiatte and 

 Scrophnlariaceo!, there are four stamens, two long and two short, 

 they are termed ilidxnnihous (Greek dis, two, diinainis, strength) ; 

 and if, as in the Crucijerie, there are six stamens, four longer than 



