COMPOSITE FAMILY 249 



It is called an Artichoke from the similarity of flavour in its tubers 

 to the Globe Artichoke {Cxiiara Scolvmus), a Thistle in -nhich 

 the bases of the involucral bracts form the edible portion. The 

 name "Jerusalem" is said to be a corruption of the Italian 

 girasole, the Sunflower, and by an amusing transition, soup made 

 from these Artichokes is called " Palestine Soup." The flower- 

 heads of Safflower (Cd)ihaiiius iiiicioria), which give a red colour, 

 are the most valuable dye produced by the Order. 



Among the Ligiiliflorcs, the Common Dandelion (Taraxacum 

 officinale) supplies a valuable medicinal e.xtract ; its blanched leaves 

 are a wholesome salad ; and its roots are used to adulterate coffee. 

 The Lettuce (Lacluca saliva), besides its extensive use as salad, 

 yields from the milky juice of its root an extract with narcotic 

 properties resembling those of opiiun. The blanched leaves of 

 Endive (Cichdnum Endiyia) afford a v/inter is^alad, and the allied 

 Chicory or Succory (C . Intybus) is also so used, though it is more 

 cultivated for the sake of its roots, which are roasted and mixed 

 with coffee. Salsafy (Ti-agopogon porrifoliiis) and Scorzonera 

 (Scorzonera liispdnica'j are also cultivated for the sake of their 

 edible roots. 



Sub-Order I . — TidiuIiflorecF. — Florets all tubular, or onlv the 

 ray-florets ligulale : juice watery 



Tribe i. Eupatdriecr. — Leaves mostly opposite: florets all tubular 

 and perfect : outliers not tailed 



1. EuPATORiUM. — Heads fcvj-Rowercd ; bracts imbricate, oblong ; 

 receptacle naked ; styles much longer than the florets. 



Tribe 2. AsteroidecE. — Leaves scattered: ray-florets ligulate, car- 

 pellate or neuter, or absent : disk-florets tubular, perfect 



2. SoLIDAGO. — Florets all yellow ; receptacle naked, pitted , 

 pappus of one row of stiff hairs. 



3. Bellis. — Ray-florets white or pink ; receptacle naked, conical ; 

 no pappus. 



4. Aster. — Ray-florets in one row, purple, or absent ; receptacle 

 naked, pitted ; pappus of manv rows of stiff hairs. 



5. Erigerox. — Ray-florets in two or more rows ; receptacle 

 naked ; pappus of many rows of stiff hairs! 



6. LiNOSVRis. — Ray-florets absent ; receptacle naked, pitted ; 

 bracts imbricate ; fruit compressed, silky ; pappus of two rows of 

 stiff hairs. 



