18 EDWARD A. WILSON. 
The temperature of the bird is high, but not so high as that given by Mr. Eagle 
Clarke, as observed in the Adélie Penguins by members of the Scottish Expedition. 
For that bird the temperature is given as 106° Fahr., but in the Emperor, as a mean 
of that taken in the cesophagus and in the rectum the moment after pithing a fresh- 
caught bird, we found the temperature to be 100°7° Fahr. The rate of the pulse in a 
“pithed ” bird was sixty to the minute, and the respiration in a chicken twenty. It is 
possible that the damage to the medulla may have affected these observations, though 
they were taken the moment after ; it was not easy, however, to make them otherwise. 
There were no parasites discoverable on the skin or amongst the feathers of the 
Emperor Penguin—a fact which is somewhat remarkable, and one which holds good, 
so far as we were able to make out, for all Antarctic birds and beasts, in direct 
opposition to the experience of observers of Northern Polar birds and animals. The 
only typical Antarctic bird on which lice were ever discovered, and in this one case 
they swarmed, was in a single individual of the Snow Petrel (Pagodroma nivea). 
Bacteria, I am told by Dr. Koettlitz, infested the intestines and also were discoverable 
in the incubated eggs of the Emperor Penguin. 
The cry of the adult Emperor is far louder, more prolonged, and more musical 
than the harsh croak of the Adélie Penguin. It is like a defiant trumpet-call, and can 
be heard at a great distance over the icefloes. This is its rallying call note, and is 
emitted with the head erect, but it has also a clucking or chattering note to which it 
gives expression in a different way. Bending the head and neck down low on the 
breast in a powerful expiratory effort, it then, in raising it, gives vent to an interrupted 
musical ery as the lungs are filled with air. The supraclavicular hollows can be seen 
distinctly emptying as the head goes down, and filling out again as the head is raised. 
The cry of the chick, which is noted elsewhere, is a more definite utterance of four 
notes emitted in the same way, and bearing a faint resemblance, according to our 
worthy bluejackets, to the words, “Gimme some more, gimme some more,” which it at 
any rate always implied exactly, even if the resemblance was somewhat vague. 
The bird occurs probably throughout the whole of the Antarctic regions within the 
limits of the ice, or more exactly, as laid down by Mr. Howard Saunders in the “ Antarctic 
Manual,” it “ranges longitudinally from 151° E. in Victoria Quadrant, through Ross 
Quadrant, to about 50° W. in Weddell Quadrant.” Its range to the north has been 
somewhat extended lately by the Scottish Expedition, some of whose members saw an 
immature example of the bird in 60° 44’ §. lat., where the ‘ Scotia’ wintered in the 
South Orkney Islands. The limit of its range to the south coincides with the open 
water of summer, and this in Ross Sea is about 78° S. lat. 
The occurrences of the adult bird in the area we ourselves explored are given 
incidentally throughout the course of this paper, but concerning the immature 
birds, five or six months old, it is noteworthy that of the ten Emperor Penguins 
sighted in the pack ice between January 2nd, 1902, and January 8th, 1902, all that 
were near enough to be distinguished were in that stage of immaturity, and five of 
