22 W. P. PYCRAFT. 
Emperor Penguins is the more striking, because the food of the two birds does not 
appear to differ in any conspicuous degree, while externally the two species bear a very 
close resemblance when adult, though this is not the case with the nestlings (pp. 8-9). 
FIG. 8.—THE INTESTINAL TRACT, MINUS THE DUODENAL LOOP, OF THE YOUNG EMPEROR PENGUIN. Note the position of 
the yolk sac (y). 
VITI.—Summary. 
PaL#onroLtocy has thrown no light on the problem of the ancestry of the penguins, 
for the oldest known remains, which occur in the earliest tertiaries (Eocene and 
Miocene) differ from those of living penguins only in very slight particulars. 
It is significant that penguins are, and always have been, confined to the Southern 
Hemisphere, and that only fossil remains thereof have been found on the South 
American Continent, New Zealand, and, as a result of the Swedish Antarctic 
Expedition, in the South Shetlands ; no less than six new genera having been described 
from Seymour Island. 
Our knowledge of fossil penguins dates back to the time when Huxley (8) first 
described the tarso-metatarsus of a species which he estimated must have stood 4 feet 
to 5 feet high and named Paleeeudyptes antarcticus ; but there is reason to believe that 
he under- rather than over-estimated the size. This fragment was from the white 
Kakanui limestone of Otago. Later, Hector (7) redescribed this with numerous other 
bones which had been found in this same limestone, exposed at low water in a reef at 
Woodpecker Bay. These remains he referred to Huxley’s species. 
