XXVI INTRODUCTION. 



deeply divided, and the posterior and riglit margin of the right 

 central lobe is produced backwards as a long attenuated process ; 

 the Spigelian lobe is rather small and pointed, the caudate expends 

 nearly to the middle of the kidney. In Vespertigo the Spigelian 

 lobe is very large and leaf-like. In Taphozous nudiventris the left 

 lateral lobe is also very large, the Spigelian lobe of remarkable size, 

 and the caudate lobe is moderately developed. In Rhynchonyderis 

 and in Emhallonura the general form of the liver is similar to that 

 of Taphozous, the Spigelian lobe also very large, but the caudate is 

 indistinct. In Mohssus the liver is generally similar to that of the 

 preceding genera, but the caudate lobe is better defined. 



In the Phyllostoinidce the general form of the liver does not differ 

 much from that of the EmbaUonuridw, except in the sanguivorous 

 group Desmodontes, in 'which, as first pointed out by Prof. Flower, 

 it differs not only from that of the other Bats, but also from that 

 " of all Insectivora and Carnivora in being comparatively little 

 divided into lobes. The umbilical fissure is distinct, but the lateral 

 fissures are only notches in the free edge of the organ, imperfectly 

 marking oil two small and nearly equal central lobes. The left 

 lateral lobe is large and crescentic, the right thick and rounded ; 

 but neither the Spigelian nor the caudate lobes are distinct, being 

 only indicated by a strong ridge on the under surface of the right 

 lateral lobe " *. 



In Carollia the left lateral lobe is larger than half the whole 

 organ, and its concave right margin is much overlapped by the left 

 central ; the gaU-bladder lies in a hollow on the right side of the 

 right central lobe ; the Spigelian lobe is well developed and tongue- 

 shaped ; the caudate very short. In the truly frugivorous genus 

 Artiheus the Spigelian lobe is remarkably small, and the caudate 

 indistinct. 



CriANEous System. 



In extent, peculiar modifications, and sensitiveness the Cutaneous 

 System reaches its highest development in this Order. As a sensory 

 organ its chief modifications in connection with the external ear 

 and with the nasal and labial appendages, have been described under 

 the head of Nervous System. It remains therefore to consider its 

 relative development as an organ of flight, and the position and 

 form of the peculiar glandular structures into which it enters. 



The extent and shape of the volar membranes depend mainly on 

 the form of the bones of the anterior extremities, and on the pre- 

 * Medical Times and Gazette, 1872, ii. p. 60. 



