3. CTNONrCTEKIS. 71 



short muzzle and similar upper lip, and the dentition of Cyno- 

 nycteris ; but the last molar in the upper and last two molars in the 

 lower jaw are quite rudimentary, and scarcely perceptible without 

 removing the gum. It is therefore very questionable whether 

 Cynonycteris can be considered more than a subgenus of Cynopterus. 



Range. From Africa and Madagascar, through Southern Asia 

 Minor (Palestine, coasts of the Persian Gulf), India, Ceylon, Burma, 

 Siam, Malay Peninsula, and the islands of the Malay Archipelago as 

 far eastwards as New Ireland. 



Unlike the arboreal habits of the species of the closely allied 

 genus Pteropus, some of the species of this genus are occasionally 

 found inhabiting caves ; a colony of C. amplexicaudata was dis- 

 covered by Mr. W. T. Blanford in the Nimakdun salt-caves in Kishm 

 Island, and C. cegyptiaca was found in a cave in the Wady Kern, 

 Central Palestine, by Canon Tristram, and, according to Geoffroy 

 and Temminck, inhabits the chambers of the Great Pyramid and 

 other deserted buildings in Egypt. It is probable, however, that 

 these species inhabit caves and trees indifferently as they find them 

 convenient ; and I believe that individuals that have lived in caves 

 may be distinguished at once by their short fur from those habitually 

 dwelling in trees. 



Synopsis of the Species. 



I. Upper lip with a wide groove in front, with 

 sloping, not elevated margins ; molars well 

 developed. 

 A. "Wings from the sides of the back. 



a. Neck (in J) with some long coarse 



hairs beneath scarcely forming a collar. 

 6. First upper premolar persistent ; ears 

 longer than the muzzle. 

 b' . The first upper premolar in the centre 

 of the space between the canine and 

 second premolar ; muzzle long. 

 b". Thiunb longer than the tibia , . 4. C. cegyptiaca, p. 74. 

 c". Thumb shorter than the tibia, 

 c'". Legs nearly naked ; forearm [p. 72. 



3"-35 1. C amplexicaudata, 



d'". Legs hairy ; forearm 3"-8. . . . 5. C. collaris, p. 76. 

 c'. The fii'st upper premolar closely 

 wedged ia between the canine and 

 second premolar ; muzzle short. 

 d". Thumb shorter than the tibia. 



e"'- Legs naked; forearm 2"-8 2. C. mitior, p. 73. 



c. First upper premolar deciduous ; ear 



not exceeding the muzzle in length.. 3. C. brachyotis, p. 74. 



b. Neck (in cJ ) with a broad collar in front, 



tei-minating by an abrupt well-defined 

 margin. 



e". Thumb equal to the tibia in 



length ; forearm 2"'3 6. C. torqvata, p. 70. 



B Wings from the back near the spine. 

 a. Muzzle long and narrow, fur occupying 

 a narrow space across the loins. 



