Genesis and Development of Sand Forma- 

 tions on Marine Coasts. 



By Pehr Olsson-Seffer, Ph. D. 



Since the year 1891 I have been studying the sand formations on 

 marine coasts and their flora and vegetation. During the years 1891 

 to 1899 my investigations were confined to the coasts of the Baltic. 

 The last mentioned year I also investigated the dunes on the Danish 

 North Sea Coast, in Holland, and in certain parts of Scotland and 

 France. In 1900 — 1901 observations were made in Southern Sweden, 

 in various places in Denmark, on the South Coast of England, in 

 Southern Italy, at Port Said, in Egypt, in Western Australia, and in 

 Queensland. 



Various coasts in Australia, from Central Queensland to Western 

 Australia, through New South Wales, Victoria and S'outh Australia, 

 were visited and re-visited during 1902. In New Zealand only part 

 of the North Cape was made subject to a brief and hurried visit and 

 notes of the strand vegetation were taken during stays in various 

 islands of the Pacific, such as the New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, 

 Samoa and Hawaii. 



On the Pacific coast of North America the dunes at San Francisco 

 and Monterey Bay were studied in 1903 — 05. During 1905, I also 

 visited the coastal sands at Santa Barbara and Santa Monica, in 

 Southern California, as well as several sand dune districts on the Pacific 

 coast of Mexico, such as Salina Cruz, in the innermost part of the 

 Gulf of Tehuantepec, and San Benito, near the Guatemalan border. 

 The extensive sand dunes near Vera Cruz, in Mexico, on the Gulf side, 

 were investigated in August of the same year. In December, sand 

 strands were studied at Mazatlan, a Mexican port on the eastern shore 

 of the Gulf of California, as well as at San Bias in Mexico and 

 Champerico in Guatemala. 



The large field these observations cover have given me ample oppor- 

 tunity to make comparisons of the coastal sands in various climates 



Library Publications. 1 



