4 ° THE SAND STBAND FLOBA 



however, a failure, and it was not until several years later that Soren 

 Biorn, a Dane, succeeded in establishing a plantation on the dunes. 



At the same time Baron de Charlevoix-Villers wrote several treatises 

 on the subject of fixing the dunes of Gascony (Grandjean p. 53), and 

 his views were utilized by N". T. T. Bremontier, who in 1788 started 

 the reclamation of the Landes of Prance, which has changed certain 

 parts of this inhospitable region into fertile fields. 



On the coasts of Holland, Germany, Denmark, and France the fixa- 

 tion of dunes, started by these pioneers, has ever since been continued, 

 and similar work was later taken up in various other countries. It lies 

 not within the scope of this review to describe the different phases of 

 this reclamation work as it came to be more and more a practical appli- 

 cation of experience gathered by previous cultivators and by scientific 

 investigations. 



One of the first studies of the strand flora from a phytogeographical 

 point of view was that of Boll on the beach flora of the German shores 

 of the Baltic, published in 1848. 



The coastal sand flora of Eastern Germany has since been studied 

 by Kalmuss, von Klinggraeff, Klinsmann, Krause, Marsson, Ratzeburg, 

 and Schafer. 



Brick gives in his work on the ecology of strand plants of the Baltic 

 a number of valuable suggestions, and in Aekermann's Physical geog- 

 raphy of the Baltic there is a number of pages devoted to the coast flora. 



The most comprehensive work of recent date on coastal sands is 

 Gerhard's "Handbuch des deutschen Diinenbaues," in which the dunes 

 of the German sea coasts are treated. The flora has been described in 

 this work by Abromeit. 



The continuation of the sand region of Eastern Germany along the 

 Baltic shore of Curland has been carefully studied by Klinge, while the 

 sands of the Gulf of Riga are to some extent described by Doss and 

 Robert. We may have to expect in the future a treatise on the dune 

 flora of that region by Dr. Kupffer. 



Studies of the dune sands on the shores of Gulf of Finland have 

 been made by Sokoloff and Thesleff. Other dunes of Russia are described 

 by Rauner, and minor inland dunes in Finland by Granit and Hult. 

 Some dunes of the Finnish coast of the Gulf of Bothnia have been 

 worked over by Rosberg. Professor Vilhelm Ramsay recently studied 

 the sand formations on the coast of the White Sea, but his observations 

 are not published. 



The small island Gotska S'andon situated in the Baltic, 40 km. N. 



