OF MAKINE COASTS. 53 



tions occurred on the former places and the dunes in the latter locality 

 are not very extensive. The beaches consist generally of very narrow 

 strips of loose material; the gradient of the shore being comparatively 

 steep, the area of influence of the sea is consequently limited, especially 

 as the force of the waves is never very great within this archipelago. 



In the neighborhood of the city of ISTorrkSping there is quite an ex- 

 tensive archipelago, consisting of a few larger and many small islands. 

 In June, 1899, I visited a number of these islands, near Arkosund. Of 

 the great number of beach formations investigated only a few were sandy, 



<-,v., ^*V ^^pr ;. 





r 





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Fig. 1. Beach with Halianthus community. Swedish East Coast 



shingle beaches being far more common. Where sand occurred it was 

 very coarse, except in some sheltered places. All these islands are ex- 

 posed to the strong winds of the Baltic, and those being only a couple of 

 kilometers distant from the mainland, had no tree vegetation. The 

 salinity of the seawater was here varying from 0.49-0.66%. 1) 



On the open coast, facing Kalmar strait, some observations were 

 made in June, 1899. The shores south of the town of Kalmar are very 

 low, more or less muddy. In some places shingle beaches were formed, 

 and these were sometimes covered with fine sand, mixed with clay par- 



1) All my measurements of salinity of seawater in the Baltic were made 

 with an areometer (Aderman type) purchased in Stockholm. 



