OF MARINE COASTS. 55 



tides. This shore is sheltered by the island Oland from the direct 

 force of easterly winds and waves of the Baltic. The salinity of the sea- 

 water was 0.66%. 



In the Blekinge archipelago Torhamn and several islands as well as 

 the shores near Karlskrona were visited June 18th, 1899. The few 

 sandy beaches observed were not extensive, and were formed of a rather 

 fine sand, quite often mixed with clayey residue. On June 19th, 1899, 

 some shores near Karlshamn, especially at Helenebarg and on Boo were 

 investigated. The sandy beaches were formed of coarse material mixed 

 with pebbles. Large boulders were strewn on the narrow beaches. The 

 shores in this neighborhood are usually steep and rocky. 



A number of sandy formations were studied at Solvesborg, June 20, 

 1899. The shore sloped generally at an angle of 30 degrees. The ma- 

 terial was pure yellow quartz sand. The coast is open to the Baltic. 



At Ahus there are extensive sand strands, with long stretches of 

 beach formed of pure sand. (See Fig. 1.) Inland there are minor 

 dunes and large sand fields. My observations here were made June 

 21 — 22, 1899. The vegetation on these sand formations has previously 

 been studied by Dr. Erikson. 1 ) (Fig. 2.) 



The coast near Simrishamn is low and open to the Baltic. Sandy 

 beaches at Horshall and Brantevik and also north of the town were stud- 

 ied, June 23 — 24, 1899. The sand is of coarse consistency, and the slope 

 is here generally about 45 degrees. 



The whole eastern coast of Sweden is rocky and steep, the hard 

 cliffs are disintegrated only very slowly, and the material is usually 

 washed out to sea except where inlets give a resting place. The only 

 more extensive sand formations on the coast are in the south at the 

 places just mentioned. (See Fig. 3.) 



SHORES OF GULF OF FINLAND. 



On the steep rocky coasts of Esthonia, on the southern shore of the 

 Gulf, dunes are very rare, and occur only where the calcareous bluff 

 retreats landward, and leaves a narrow sandy strip along the shore. In 

 the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, from the mouth of Narwa river, 

 the coasts are sandy, and dunes are common. The largest dune dis- 

 trict is that between S'ysterback and Bjorko, in the innermost part of 



1) J. Erikson: Studier 6fver sandfloran i ostra Sk&ne. — Bih. K. Sv. Vet. 

 Ak. Handl. 22. a— 81. 1896. 



