58 THE SAND STEAND FLOBA 



side, in June, 1899. At the former place the shore was steeper and 

 only small accumulations of sand were formed. The sand was here 

 rather coarse, almost gravelly, and contained much lime. At Eonehamn 

 the coast is low, open to the sea, and exposed to winds. The sand was 

 mixed with large quantities of silt and pebhles. 



North of this island there is a small island, Gotska Sandon, com- 

 posed entirely of sand. It has been visited by several botanists and 

 geologists, and occasional observations of the dunes and their vegeta- 

 tion are found in various works. 



Oland, the other large island on the Swedish east coast, was visited 

 in June, 1899. Both the eastern and the western shores are low, and 

 where sand formations occur, they are formed of coarse gravel, and 

 cover only very limited areas. 



The island Bornholm, in the southern part of the Baltic, was visited 

 in June, 1899. On the western coast, south of Bonne, there are quite 

 extensive sand formations. At Svaneke, on the eastern side, the coast 

 is rocky, but between the cliffs small deposits of coarse sand were ac- 

 cumulated. The coast is everywhere unprotected and exposed to waves 

 and winds. 



WEST COAST OF RUSSIA. 



The shores of the Biga gulf are low and sandy, especially in the 

 southern part, and they are also rich in dunes, which in some places 

 reach a considerable height. 



Between the Diina river and the watering place Catharinenbad, the 

 belt of dunes varies in width from 0.5 to 2 km. (Pig. 4) and west of 

 the river, especially near the mouth of the Bolderaa river, the sand 

 covers a large area. In many places the sand is drifting. It consists 

 primarily of quartz, but is mixed with felspar and hornblende, and even 

 granates. The average size of the grains is 0.25-0.35 mm. The sand is 

 brought down to the sea in quantities by the rivers and is again thrown 

 up on the shore by wave action. This district was visited in 1898. 



The west coast of Curland is bordered by a broad belt of diluvial 

 sand, and it is therefore for its whole length covered with a continuous 

 chain of dunes. At some distance south of Libau the dunes are very 

 high, up to 35 m. The highest dune on this coast, Koope-Kaln, rises 

 70 m. above the sea. The sand rests in many places, especially near 

 Libau, on a compact stratum of peat, in which trunks of trees often are 



