60 THE SAND STBAND FLOBA 



found. The landward side of the dune belt is bordered by extensive 

 swamps. 



The dunes near Libau are formed by a somewhat fine sand aver- 

 aging 0.15 mm. It is a pure white quartz sand, the admixture of other 

 minerals or other colors being inconspicuous. The salinity of the sea 

 water is about 0.8 per cent. 



GERMAN NORTH COAST. 



In direct continuation of the last mentioned dunes follow those on 

 the German north coast which is sandy along its whole stretch to Swine- 

 miinde. On the long narrow spits, known as Kurische and Frische 

 Nehrung, the dunes have reached a remarkable development and the 

 dune district is second in size to none in Europe except that of' Gas- 

 cogny. 



The detailed description we have of these dunes in the comprehen- 

 sive work of Gerhard *) makes it unnecessary here to discuss their gen- 

 eral appearance. In connection with our treatment of the sand vegeta- 

 tion some comparisons will be made. 



SWEDISH SOUTH COAST. 



We have yet to mention some minor sand formations on the Baltic 

 coasts visited by the author. At Ystad, in southern S"weden, there is a 

 long sandy beach, which was made subject to study in June and July, 

 1899. The sand is fine quartz, almost pure, yellowish in color. The 

 sloping angle of the beach is about 35 degrees. The coast is here un- 

 protected, as is also the case at Dybeek and Trelleborg, where sandy and 

 gravelly shores occur. The dune district at Falsterbo was not visited. 

 Along the Swedish coast of Oresund there are sandy shores in numerous 

 places, both in the neighborhood of Malmo and Helsingborg. At Engel- 

 holms hamn a series of small dunes occur near the mouth of the river. 

 These were studied in 1900. 



1) Handbuch des deutschen Dunenbaues. — Berlin, 1900. 



