IIS THE SAND STBAND TLOBA 



dune 1 ) about 60 km. long and 5 km. wide. Its maximum height is 

 270 m. At Sandgate, north of Brisbane, there is a narrow sand beach, 

 and still farther north, at Coloundra, dunes are found. Fraser's Island 

 in Wide Bay has some very interesting sand formations, and on the 

 opposite mainland, at Pialba, there is a narrow beach between the high, 

 steep bank and the high tide mark. On all these places, visited by the 

 writer at intervals in 1900 — 1902, the sand is coarse, sometimes even 

 gravelly. 



Southeasterly winds are the most effective on this coast. The salinity 

 of the surface water in the ocean is 2.7 per cent. 



Along the northern coast of Queensland, at Mackay, and north of 

 Townsville, extensive dunes were observed, but the writer had not the 

 opportunity of examining these. 



NEW ZELAND. 



Beaches on the North Island at Doubtless Bay were visited in the 

 late fall, 1902. The dune flora of the district is described by Cheese- 

 man 2 ) and I am not able to add materially to his observations. The 

 sandy beach merges gradually into low sand hills, and behind these there 

 are extensive swamp lands. (Fig. 7.) 



HAWAII. 



Various sand dunes on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii were visited 

 and studied in detail in 1903, in December, and again in 1906, during the 

 months of August and September. 



PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA 



South of Golden Gate 



in California there is a district of sand formations covering an area of 

 about 72 sq. km. From the ocean the sand stretches eastward to near 

 San Francisco Bay, embracing almost the whole end of the peninsula. 

 The greater part of these sand formations is now reclaimed and used 

 for cultivation or as building lots in the city. On the Pueblo lands of 



1) Boyd: Forestry in connection with tbe sand dunes of Queensland. — 

 Queensl. Agr. Jour. 1902: 123. 



2) On the Flora of the Xorth Cape District. — Trans. N. Z. Inst. XXIX: 

 333—385. 1897. 



