360 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMEiaCA 



served specimens and, as already stated, they are not absolutely reliable. In 

 cases of doubt the male genitalia or the larvae must be resorted to. The first 

 abdominal segment may be dorsally either pale-scaled or dark-scaled, or with 

 a mixture of both. The differences in wing venation indicated by Theobald we 

 consider unreliable and misleading as we have been unable to discover any 

 tangible difference between the two species in this respect. The varietal forms 

 or subspecies formulated by Theobald also seem to us ill founded. The names 

 Culex quasipipienSf G. fouchowensis, C. osakaensis, C. christophersii and 0. 

 goughii, all by Theobald, are placed in the synonymy on the authority of Mr. 

 F. W. Edwards, who has examined the types in the British Museum (Bull. Ent. 

 Ees., iv, 55, 1913). He suggests that Culex reesii Theobald (Mon. Culic, ii, 

 145, 1901) and C. sericeus Theobald (Mon. Culic, ii, 147, 1901), of which he 

 has not seen the types, are also referable here. 



The present wide distribution of Culex quinquefasciatus is undoubtedly due 

 to the agency of commerce. The species must have been confined originally to 

 either the eastern or the western hemisphere and its introduction into the other 

 half of the globe must have occurred within historic times. Formerly the ar- 

 rangements on vessels offered abundant opportunities for the breeding of mos- 

 quitoes. We even have records of the introduction of mosquitoes, probably this 

 species, into some of the Pacific islands which had, until then, been free from 

 them (see Osten Sacken; Einfiihrung von Miieken (Culex) auf den Sandwich- 

 Inseln. Ent. Zeitung. Stettin, xxii, 51-52, 1861 ; also Van Dine and Kirkaldy) . 

 With the data at hand it is impossible to determine definitely whether Culex 

 quinquefasciatus is of Old World or New World origin ; we consider the latter 

 the most probable because the species has developed a number of races or sub- 

 species in America. 



CULEX PIPIENS Linnaeus. 



Oulex pipiens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 602, 1758. 



Oulex pipiens Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 1002, 1767. 



Culex pipiens Fabrlclus, Sp. Ins., ii, 469, 1781. 



Culex pipiens Schrank, Enum. Ins. Austriae indlgen., 481, 1781. 



Oulex pipiens Fabricius, Mant. Ins., ii, 363, 1787. 



Oulex pipiens Herbst, Kurze Binlelt. z. Kenntn. d. Ins., ili, 116, 1787. 



Culex pipiens DeVillers, C. Linn. Ent., 562, 1789. 



Oulex pipiens Olivier, Bncycl. Meth., vi, 133, 1791. 



Culex pipiens Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xili, 2886, 1792. 



Culex pipiens Fabricius, EJnt. Syst., iv, 400, 1794. 



Oulex pipiens Schrank, Fauna Boica, iii, 166, 1803. 



Oulex pipiens Melgen, Klass. u. Beschr. enr. zwelfl. Ins., 5, 9, 1804. 



Oulex pipiens Fabricius, Syst. Antiliat., 33, 1805. 



Culex pipiens Latreille, Gen. Crust, et. Ins. sec. ord. nat. in fam. dis., iv, 246, 1809. 



Oulex pipiens Meigen, Syst. Beschr. bek. eur. zweifl. Ins., i, 7, 10, 1818. 



Culex pipiens Macquart, Ins. Dipt, du nord de la Prance, i, 161, 1827. 



Oulex pipiens Robineau-Desvoidy, M€m. Soc. d'Hist. nat. Paris, lil, 408, 1827. 



Oulex consohrinus Robineau-Desvoidy, M6m. Soc. d'hist. nat. Paris, iii, 408, 1827. 



Oulex pipiens Meigen, Abblld. aller bis jetzt. bek. eur. zweifl. Ins., pi. ii, fig. 2, 1830. 



Oulex pipiens Macquart, Hist. nat. des Ins., Dipt., i, 34, 1834. 



Oulex pipiens Curtis, Brit. Entam., xii, no. 537, 2, 1835. 



Oulex pipiens Staeger, Naturh. Tidsskr., ii, 553, 1839. 



Culex pipiens Gimmerthal, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xviii, 291, 1845. 



Culex pipiens Walker, Cat. Dipt Ins. Brit. Mus., i, 8, 1848. 



Oulex pipiens Glstel, Naturgesch. d. Thlerrelchs, 2 ed., 151, 1851. 



Oulex pipiens "Walker, Ins. britt., pi. xxv, fig. 7, 1856. 



Culex pipiens Schiner (in part). Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen, ii, 628, 1864. 



Oulex pipiens Rondanl, Bull, della Soc. ent. Ital., iv, 30, 1872. 



Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lend., p. xxxi, 1872. 



Oulex pipiens Miiller (H.), Die Befrucht. d. Blumen d. Ins., 153, 198, 1873. 

 Oulex pipiens Siebke, Enum. Ins. norvegic, fasc. iv, 192, 1877. 



