TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVll 



Page 



The Lighting of Stables — Continued 



(b) Relation between stable space and light. 



(c) Considerations regarding lighting stables. 



14. Ventilating Stables 378 



(a) The question not yet mastered. 



(b) The King system of ventilation. 



(c) Aids to ventilation. 



CHAPTER XVIII 

 DEHORNING, SPAYING, AND CASTRATING CATTLE 



1 . Dehorning of Recent Introduction 381 



(a) Why horns were originally bestowed. 



(b) The evolution of hornless breeds. 



(c) When introduced into America. 



(d) The opposition to its introduction. 



2. Why Cattle are Dehorned 383 



(a) To prevent injury from goring. 



(b) To render feeding more practicable in the absence 

 of stalls. 



(c) To secure greater freedom from disturbance. 



3. When Cattle Should be Dehorned 384 



(a) When grown for slaughter beyond calfhood. 



(b) When grown as grades for breeding uses. 



(c) When purchased for fattening while loose. 



4. When Cattle Should Not be Dehorned 385 



(a) When they are to be slaughtered at a tender age. 



(b) When they are purely bred and homed. 



(c) When grown on the open range. 



5. Facts which Bear Upon Dehorning 387 



(a) The best age for dehorning. 



(b) The best season for dehorning. 



(c) Temporary loss from dehorning. 



6. Methods of Dehorning 389 



(a) Dehorning by preventive methods. 



(b) Dehorning with clippers. 



(c) Dehorning with a, saw. 



(d) Leaving some animals undehomed. 



7 . Facts Regarding Spaying Cattle 390 



(a) The chief objects sought. 



(b) The best age for spaying. 



(c) The best condition for spaying. 



(d) Spaying more critical than castration. 



8. Females that Should be Spayed 392 



(a) All females grown for meat on the ranges. 



(b) All females grown to maturity for meat on the 

 farm. 



(c) Breeding and milch cows to be sent to the block. 



9. The Different Methods of Spaying 393 



(a) Spaying through the vagina. 



(b) Spaying through the flank or side. 



