CALVES FROM BIRTH UNTIL ONE YEAR OLD I5 



When calves run with the dams, they are seldom 

 fed any grain supplement, but it is possible to feed them 

 such food, and under some conditions it is profitable to 

 do so. Particularly is this true of pure-bred calves that 

 are to be pushed forward for sale. When the pastures 

 are not abundant, the necessity for such feeding is all 

 the greater. When so fed, an inclosure is made with 

 openings through which the calves only may pass at 

 will. Troughs of suitable height are placed in these, 

 which cannot be easily overturned, and in these troughs 

 the supplementary meal is placed. A roof to protect the 

 troughs from rain will prove economical in a country 

 of frequent rains. The inclosure should be located near 

 the place where the dams take water, if watered from a 

 well, or, in the absence of such a condition, where the 

 dams are much prone to congregate and take rest, as 

 near the salting troughs. The calves are thus brought 

 more into proximity to the feeding places than would 

 otherwise be the case. The food fed may be the same 

 in kind as that mentioned above. Some cattle growers 

 feed only oilcake in the nut or pea form. The chief 

 objection to such feeding is its cost, but the oilcake may 

 in some cases be eaten so freely as to produce too much 

 laxity in the digestion. 



When more than one calf is to be reared on one 

 cow, it is important that the cow shall not only produce 

 milk freely, but also that she is of a gentle and tractable 

 disposition. Some cows are so unruly that they will not 

 allow a strange calf to take nourishment from them, 

 unless the attendant is present to restrain them, and 

 some are so vicious as to try to injure both the attend- 

 ant and the strange calf. Those cows are not suitable 

 for such a use. Much care is necessary in giving sup- 

 plemental food to these calves, especially should the 

 cow be required to rear five in one season, as the period 

 with them for taking milk is short. They should be 



