CALVES FROM BIRTH UNTIL ONE YEAR OLD 4I 



much until they begin to help themselves, when it is 

 not necessary to add any more to the meal. 



For a few weeks subsequent to birth, calves do not 

 require water other than what the milk furnishes, but 

 from the time that they will take it separately onward, 

 the aim should be to keep pure water constantly within 

 easy access. The amount that calves will thus consume 

 in addition to a liberal supply of milk would surprise 

 those who have not given attention to this question. In 

 warm weather, especially, calves are frequently allowed 

 to sutler from lack of water, to their detriment. Ordi- 

 narily, for a time at least, there is no better way of pro- 

 viding water than that which supplies it in a pail, 

 bucket, or tub, which may be emptied at will. 



The general sanitary conditions include ventilation, 

 light, exercise, and cleanliness. Ventilation may be 

 secured for calves as for other stock. (See page 378.) 

 Dark apartments may aid in the quick fattening of 

 calves for veal, but they will prove harmful to those 

 that are to be reared for breeding, on the principle that 

 animal life cannot be reared in highest vigor when de- 

 prived of ample light. The only time when prolonged 

 darkening of the stables is in order is during the season 

 when flies are numerous. A reasonable amount of 

 exercise is indispensable to healthy development in the 

 young calf. The more of this they will take voluntarily, 

 the better it is for their development, and the degree of 

 the exercise which they take is proportionate to the 

 favorableness of the conditions for taking exercise. 

 Favorable conditions include room and sunlight, hence 

 the necessity for paddocks. Cleanliness relates to such 

 considerations as scalding the milk pails, keeping the 

 stalls well bedded, and the paddocks dry. The milk 

 pails should be scalded daily to prevent the presence of 

 germs that may produce disease. Metal pails are the 

 most easily kept clean. The mangers should be cleaned 



