CATTLE ONE YEAR OLD SUMMER AND WINTER 49 



venient to feed one in the morning and the other in the 

 evening, and will answer the purpose quite as well. 



Spring calves the second winter. — AVhen calves that 

 come in the spring enter the second winter, they are 

 approximately i8 months old, whereas those that come 

 in the autumn enter the second winter at the approx- 

 imate age of but 12 months. While the food and care 

 suitable for the latter will, in the main, be equally suit- 

 able for the former also, the older animals can do with 

 less careful housing and can make use of somewhat 

 coarser fare. These results follow from their more ad- 

 vanced age. The rule holds good with all classes of 

 farm animals, that they are better able to use coarse 

 foods as they advance toward maturity. 



If these young animals are simply to be carried 

 through the winter, nearly all that has been said about 

 autumn calves the second winter will apply to them. 

 ( See page 43. ) The shelter will be the same except that it 

 is less necessar}' to house them in closed sheds or stables, 

 nor is it so necessary to have these quite as warm as for 

 the former. The stanchions and mangers may be just 

 the same in kind. The animals should be at liberty 

 except when taking food, but should be dehorned, which 

 is not so necessary in the case of younger animals. The 

 fodders given ma}' be the same, but as intimated above, 

 may also be coarser. Such fodders, for instance, as por- 

 tions of hay rejected by work horses and milk cows, 

 may be given to them, and they may be allowed to pick 

 over corn fed to animals that are being fattened, the 

 latter having first been removed from the feed lot. This, 

 at least, will hold good of such animals as are simply 

 being grown for breeding. The concentrates may also 

 be the same in kind, but for breeding stock the propor- 

 tion of concentrates fed need not be so large as in the 

 former instance, as, owing to their more advanced age, 

 they have greater capacity for digesting coarse foods. 

 The more rugged the animals, the better use relatively 



