CATTLE ONE YEAR OLD SUMMER AND WINTER 55 



to reduce tne hazard from bloat. That cattle should 

 in no instance be turned into a rape pasture when 

 hungry should never be forgotten. 



Supplementary pastures may be provided in another 

 way, that is, by keeping them in reserve. For instance, 

 in a pasture or pastures according to the need, they may 

 be grazed closely for a short season in the spring and 

 the stock then removed. By the autumn, they will pro- 

 vide abundantly suitable grazing. Particularly will this 

 be true of Kentucky bluegrass. With an abundance of 

 such reserve grazing, supplementary fodders even may 

 not be necessary. Second growth clover and timothy 

 also furnishes a good reserve pasture. Usually pasture 

 only furnishes the cheapest food that may be given to 

 such animals, as it practically eliminates the element of 

 high-priced labor. It may be different in areas where 

 labor is cheap. 



With an ample supply of pasture alone, or of pas- 

 ture and supplementary fodders, supplementary concen- 

 trates will not be needed for cattle reared for breeding, 

 nor, indeed, for any purpose, except for making what is 

 usually spoken of as Christmas beef. This is more em- 

 phatically true if corn fodder with more or less ears is 

 the supplementary fodder fed. Finish animals for 

 Christmas beef is further discussed on page i8i. 

 Should the supply of both pasture and supplementary 

 fodders be insufficient, then grain should be fed rather 

 than allow the animals to stand still in the process of 

 developing, and especially when being grown primarily 

 for beef. For such feeding, no kind of grain is more 

 suitable than corn, but when it is fed, some swine should 

 be present in the same pasture. In the absence of corn, 

 barley, or barley and oats ground, are usually next in 

 availability. The amounts fed must be gauged by the 

 purpose of the feeding. 



The water supply. — In winter the sources of the 

 water supply are wells, cisterns, running streams, ponds. 



