CATTLE ONE YEAR OLD SUMMER AND WINTER 57 



twice a day, morning and evening, except when the 

 weather is extreme. 



The sources of water supply for such animals in 

 summer are wells, streams, springs, lakes, ponds, natural 

 or artificial, and artificial basins. The latter differ from 

 ponds in that the animals are not allowed access to them. 

 No better water supply can be furnished for this class 

 of stock than that which comes from the presence of 

 running streams in the pastures, or springs so copious 

 in the waters which they furnish as to make a 

 rivulet. Such is living water, and it is nearly always 

 pure. Permanent pastures should be made to include 

 such water supplies. Where suitable water can be ob- 

 tained from wells in the pastures, it will usually pay 

 to pump it by wind-power into a trough or tank of easy 

 access to the cattle, and surrounded with material that 

 will not mire in hot weather. Water from a pond is 

 objectionable in the summer, since it is stagnant, and 

 the cattle befoul it with their droppings while drinking, 

 and yet there may be conditions where to use it for a 

 time is a necessity. Water conveyed from an artificial 

 basin to a trough or tank on a lower level is usually 

 quite wholesome. 



The most ideal conditions for supplying water are 

 those which make it possible for the animals to take it 

 at will. The frequency with which 3'oung animals will 

 drink depends upon the food consumed and the weather. 

 Under no conditions of feeding practiced in America, 

 so far as known to the author, can cattle do without 

 taking water in addition to that which may be fur- 

 nished in the succulence contained in the food. It is 

 different with sheep. But the amount required by 

 cattle is reduced relatively in proportion as the food is 

 succulent. It is possible to feed field roots to cat- 

 tle, even while being fattened, to such an extent that 

 they will consume but little water. "When ensilage is 

 fed the amount of water is also appreciably low. When, 



