CATTLE TWO YEARS OLD SUMMER AND WINTER 67 



ing is short because of the added weight of frame which 

 must be carried while thus engaged. 



The protection called for by shade is practically 

 the same as for animals during the second summer of 

 grazing. (See page 52.) The point to be emphasized 

 is the benefit that comes from furnishing protection. 

 The benefit from having reserve grass pasture cannot 

 be too strongly emphasized. In the spring and autumn 

 such pasture is most needed, and also in the winter in 

 climates sufficiently mild. The first is important in 

 countries with low temperatures. The grass uneaten in 

 the autumn makes grazing with fresh grass in the early 

 spring and pre-eminently suited to the needs of animals 

 when first turned out to graze. Reserve pastures for 

 autumn are such as have been grazed down in the early 

 part of the season and produce an abundant growth 

 later, as, for instance, common red clover, Russian brome 

 (Bromus inerniis), and even Kentucky bluegrass. Re- 

 serve pastures for winter grazing are commonly main- 

 tained only under semi-range conditions, and are obtained 

 by simply fencing out the cattle during the grow- 

 ing season. AVith such grass abundant, cattle of the 

 age mentioned may be made to reach the market in 

 fairly good finish, but, of course, not in finish so com- 

 plete as when grain fed. 



Supplementing the pastures. — The necessity for 

 supplementing the pastures will depend on the abun- 

 dance of the grass and the object for which the animals 

 are grown. Under open and semi-range conditions such 

 supplementing is usually impracticable. Under widely 

 extensive conditions, it may be more economical to sell 

 the animals as stockers to be finished elsewhere. This 

 may also be true, in some instances, of cattle in the 

 yearling form, at or toward the close of the pasturing 

 period. If finished on grass at any time, it will be neces- 

 sary to supplement the pastures, at least, with concen- 

 trates and possibly with fodders, but such finishing 



