68 THE MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING OF CATTLE 



is discussed elsewhere. (See page 174.) Usually 

 when cattle are grown under intensive conditions, it will 

 pay better to dispose of them at a }ounger age. As a 

 rule, it is onh- under range, semi-range, and extensive 

 conditions of farming that animals for meat can be 

 grazed at all with profit the third summer, unless they 

 have been purchased for such grazing from those who 

 can afford to grow them up to the age now under con- 

 sideration, and who cannot at the same time finish them 

 with the aid of concentrates. 



When supplementary food is needed, what is said 

 with reference to supplying such food for cattle in the 

 }'earling form will apply equally to those in the two- 

 year form. This will hold true, not only of the fodders, 

 but of the rape pastures, of the supplementary grass 

 pastures and also of the concentrates. f See pages 50-54- ) 

 In reckoning the benefits from such feeding, the influ- 

 ence of the same on the pastures should not be over- 

 looked. By changing the place of such feeding daily, 

 land may be fertilized in a way that is reasonably 

 effective and relatively cheap. 



The water supply. — What has been said about fur- 

 nishing water to cattle winter and summer in the one- 

 year form will apply equally to furnishing it for those 

 in the two-year form. (See page 55.) The im- 

 portance of furnishing it with the chill removed in 

 winter should be duly considered. Even in the absence 

 of ice in the water, it is too cold to give the best results 

 with cattle when, because of its coldness, they will not 

 take enough for their needs, or when they shi\-er to any 

 extent after taking it. W^hen water is taken from a 

 pond or stream in cold weather, ice being present, it is 

 too cold to give the best results. But it may be impos- 

 sible to obtain water from another source without too 

 much cost, and, in some instances, at any cost, as when 

 water from wells is not suited to the needs of the 

 animals. Under such conditions, if cattle can have ac- 



