no THE MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING OF CATTLE 



sustenance of the procreative powers ; and, second, to 

 feed it in quantity so that it will sustain the animal in an 

 equilibrium of flesh. To secure the first, foods rich in 

 protein must be fed, which means that clover, alfalfa, 

 or vetch hay should form a large portion of the fodder 

 where one or the other of these may be had, and that 

 oats and wheat bran should furnish the chief concen- 

 trates. Corn, barle}^ and rye, if fed at all, should be 

 fed with due caution. Along with these foods succulence 

 is greatly advantageous. This may be obtained from 

 grass pasture or soiling crops in summer and from field 

 roots or ensilage, preferably the former, in winter. In 

 the absence of both in winter, oil meal should be fed 

 as a regulator of digestion. To insure the second, the 

 amount of concentrates fed should be determined chiefly 

 by the degree of flesh sought. A higher condition of 

 flesh is, of course, wanted in bulls of the beef breeds. 

 While males are in process of development, feeding 

 liberal and S3'stematic at all times, but not forced at any 

 time, will usually result in development far more com- 

 plete and satisfactory than that accompanied by forced 

 feeding at one time and low feeding at another. The 

 necessity is not present for pushing such animals on to 

 quick maturit}^ as it is with animals being grown for 

 the block. 



For 3'oung bulls of the dairy type, and, in fact, for 

 young bulls of any type, some legume, if possible, should 

 be given once a day, and twice a day is even more satis- 

 factory. Corn or sorghum fodders or good oat straw 

 may furnish the balance of the fodder needed. A\'here 

 timothy or native hay is fed, the protein in the concen- 

 trate fed should be increased. The standard concentrate 

 for such animals would be wheat bran, ground oats, and 

 oilcake, in the proportions by weight of 5, 4, and i parts, 

 respectively, but, of course, other concentrates may be 

 fed. The more freely that field roots are fed in winter, 

 up to, say, 15 pounds daily for each animal, the more 



