Il6 THE MANAGEMENT AND DEEDING OE CATTLE 



ing 20 pounds daily for prolonged feeding. When it is 

 fed thus freely, the dry fodder should be leguminous, as 

 far as practicable. Ten pounds of field roots daily 

 should keep the digestion in tone, but considerably larger 

 quantities may be fed with profit when the supply is 

 abundant; when roots are fed freely, a less amount of 

 grain will suffice. 



When grazing is abundant and suitable, or soiling 

 food may be had in the absence of grazing, only a small 

 amount of grain, not more than two or three pounds 

 daily, may be called for. When not much used in service 

 it may not be necessary for a time to feed any grain. 

 The meal ration may be the same in kind as given above. 

 If oats are not to be had, wheat bran may be used 

 instead. 



The foods that are most to be avoided are those 

 that contain mold, or that are possessed of an excess 

 of starch and sugar. If mold is fed to bulls, either in 

 the fodder or in the grain, impaired digestion will result, 

 a condition which, when present in a valuable bull, may 

 mean serious loss. Corn has entirely too much starch to 

 make it the exclusive concentrate, and molasses has too 

 much sugar for the needs of such animals. The free and 

 prolonged feeding of either will certainly prove adverse 

 to sure generation. 



While males in service should not be allowed to get 

 in a low condition of flesh, neither should they be allowed 

 to become overfat. All sudden changes in food should 

 be avoided. When service is severe, the meal fed 

 should be increased proportionately to meet the ad- 

 ditional tax put upon the system. Bulls past the merid- 

 ian of vigor require more concentrates relatively than 

 those younger. The amount of meal required for daily 

 use may vary from none to more than 6 pounds. 



Management of mature bulls. — As a rule, mature 

 males should not run at large with the females of the 

 herd at any time subsequent to the weaning period, and 



