range are not eaten down in the autumn, a result that 

 is possible when they are inclosed with fences, in the 

 cured form in the spring, they, along with the fresh grass, 

 will materially advance the season of fattening on the 

 range. Clovers cannot thus be utilized, as, soon after 

 the}- are mature, when unharvested, they lose rapidh' in 

 nutrition. 



Pastures should, of course, be without hazard to the 

 cattle grazing on them. Practically all varieties of 

 clover are without hazard after the cattle have been 

 introduced to them, when not hungry and are not re- 

 moved again. A\'hen, however, cattle are introduced to 

 clover pastures in a hungry condition and when the 

 clover has much succulence, the danger is present that 

 bloating may be induced, which, if not relieved, may 

 result in death. AA'hat has been said of clover is equally 

 true of rape. The hazard from grazing alfalfa is still 

 greater ; in fact, it is so great that when alfalfa is pos- 

 sessed of much succulence and not grown along with 

 other grasses, the propriety of attempting to graze cat- 

 tle on it is to be questioned. For the treatment of cattle 

 suffering from bloat see page 450. The grasses proper 

 do not cause bloating in animals that graze upon them. 



Turning out to graze. — A\'hen cattle that are to be 

 finished on grass are turned out to graze, shrinkage may 

 follow unless it is carefully guarded against. It is cer- 

 tain to follow when the change from winter to summer 

 conditions is made abruptly. This results from the lax 

 condition of the digestion from feeding on tender and 

 over-succulent grass. The shrinkage may be so serious 

 as to prevent increase for two or three weeks from the 

 time grazing begins. Development thus arrested means 

 serious loss and should be prevented as far as possible. 

 It is entirely practicable, under average conditions, to 

 change from the yard to the pastures without any loss 

 in weight, but it is not eas}' to make the change and 



