194 THE JIANAGEMENT AND FliEDlXG Ul- CATTLE 



results from fattening cattle confined or given more 

 exercise lend countenance to the view thus expressed. 



In managing dairy cows in winter there are certain 

 influences to be considered which may become, in a 

 sense, antagonistic in their action. These include stamina 

 and milk secretion, and the influences which exercise 

 and exposure exert on both. Without some exercise 

 for a prolonged period, the natural conclusion is that 

 stamina will suffer more or less. With over-exercise, 

 both stamina and milk secretion will suffer, but especially 

 the latter. Over-exercise is so little to be feared under 

 winter conditions that it is not to be considered, however 

 strong the influence may be that it exerts in summer. 

 Exposure in winter to temperatures low beyond a certain 

 degree does certainly influence milk secretion adversely, 

 and yet it is to be feared, if cows are tied in the stall all 

 the time, that stamina will suffer. Where this is the 

 only method by which cows may be kept, it is certainly 

 worth while to consider as to whether it may not be 

 wise to lose somewhat in milk secretion, while the cows 

 are exercising without for the sake of the increased 

 stamina that will follow. The keeping of the cows at 

 liberty in an inclosed shed, save when the}' are taking 

 food, and giving them free access to a sunny and pro- 

 tected yard, when the temperature is suitable without, 

 would seem to be the most feasible solution of the prob- 

 lem that can be adopted, notwithstanding it is less 

 economical of space than stalls and calls for more 

 litter. 



Protection required in summer. — In summer the 

 protection required is, of course, influenced by the 

 climate. Climates differ much in the amount of rain- 

 fall, in the severity of the storms, in the intensity of 

 the summer heat, and in tlie extent to which insects, 

 as flies, give trouble. The measures necessary to pro- 

 tect from these influences will correspondingly vary. 

 Ordinarily it is not necessary to protect cows from mild 



